Reincarnation-the rebirth of the soul in another body
Karma-the idea that all your actions in this life
affect your next life
Dharma-the religious and moral obligations of an
individual
Ahimsa-nonviolence
4 Noble Truths
oAll life has pain and suffering
oPain and suffering caused by strong desire
oOvercoming desire ends suffering
oFollow the 8 Fold Path
Siddhartha Gautama-566 B.C.
Also known as Budda
Set up monasteries, preached the
four noble truths
Tripitaka-texts with anonymous author based on the
teachings of Budda, also known as 3 baskets of wisdom
Confucius-Chinese philosopher, taught five
relationships
oFather�
Son
oElder brother�
younger
ohusband�
wife
oruler�
subjects
ofriend�
friend
believed rulers should set good
example, taught not religion but worldly goals like social order and government.
Promoted honesty, hard work and concern for others
Filialpiety-respect for parents, a value taught by
Confucius
Daosim-founded by Lao Zi: the government that governs
least governs best, goal is to be at peace, try to find �Dao�
�the way, evolved into religion
with many gods and magic, experimented with alchemy
Legalism-founded by Han Feizi: government should be
run by fear, nature of man is evil and good must be acquired
Hinduism-complex religion, no single founder or sacred
text
Braham- Buddhist all powerful spiritual force, but is
too complex so they worship gods in human or animal form
Atman-another name for the braham that is part of each
Hindu, ultimate goal is to be one with atman/braham
Jainism-an extreme branch of Hinduism, emphasizing the
importance of nonviolence, founded by Mahavira
8 Fold Path-the way Buddha advised to overcome desire
(see 4 noble truths) �right views, right aspirations, right speech, right
conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right
contemplation�
Nirvana-final goal in Buddhism, similar to Hindu unity
w/Braham, spiritual enlightenment, union w/universe and release from
reincarnation cycle
Theravada Buddhism-more strict sect, hard spiritual
work, only monks could hope to reach nirvana
Mahayana Buddhism-easier for ordinary people to
follow, made Buddha god-like, nirvana described in terms of heaven and hell
Chandragupta Maurya- founder of first Indian Empire,
well organized bureaucracy, empire from 321 B.C. to 185 B.C.
Asoka- Chandragupta Maurya grandson, emperor in 268
B.C, fought bloody war and then converted to Buddhism and adopted principles
of nonviolence, positive for empire
Gupta Dynasty-Indian golden age, responsible for
advancements
oMath
�Arabic numbers
�Decimals
�Zero
�Imaginary numbers
Science
-herbs
-vacancies
Kalidasa-Gupta poet and playwright
Caste System-extreme social class system, closely
linked with Hinduism. Untouchables�lowest
class, received jobs that were considered �impure� i.e. digging graves
Brahim (priests)
�highest, purest class
Each caste had role in society and were
interdependent, people believed that karma determined caste, you could not
change your caste in this life but could move up in next life
Patriarchal- Indian family stylecfather or eldest male
headed the family, enjoyed great authority but was limited, property
belonged to whole family
Qin (Shi Huangdi)-emperor who united China in 221
B.C. and ruled by Legalism
Great Wall-accomplishment of Qin (Shi Huangdi), did
not keep invaders out but showed emperors ability. Hard work for many years,
many workers died
Han Dynasty-started by Liu Bang (Gao Zu), eased harsh
Legalist policies and appointed Confucian advisers. 206 B.C.-220 A.D.
oWudi
�Famous Han emperor
�Strengthened government and economy and trade
oAccomplishments
�University
�Canals and Roads
�Expansion
�Astronomy, zoology, botany, chemistry
�Technology
�Medicine
�Arts
�Silk Road
�harsh trade route eventually stretching 4000 miles
Minoan Civilization-residents of island Crete, called
after famous king Minos. Success based on trade, not conquest. Were in
contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia, got ideas from them. Civilization
disappeared 1400 B.C, reason unknown.
Trojan War-war fought between Mycenaeans and Trojans
over vital straits (water passages). 10 year war, ended by Greeks tricking
Trojans into opening walls to receive present (wooden horse) which was
filled with soldiers that burnt Troy
Homer-blind poet who is our main source of information
on Greek time period
Two great epics Odyssey and Iliad: main source of info
on Trojan war
Polis-Greek city-state, typically built on two levels.
Higher level=temple and main level=market, public buildings and homes. Small
population, joined together to honor gods in festivals
Monarchy-a government which revolves around a central
king or queen�early Greek govt
Aristocracy-govt ruled by landholding nobles
Oligarchy-govt in which power is in the hands of
middle class
Phalanx-new method of Greek fighting�massive
formation of heavily armed soldiers
Sparta-Dorians who conquered Laconia, made conquered
people into slaves
Government: two kings and council of elders, strict
because there were more slaves than Spartans, strict about citizenship
Military oriented society�sick
newborn babies were killed, boys began training at age 7
Athens-city state, govt changed from monarchy to
aristocracy but people demanded something else and Athens moved towards
democracy
Solon-Athenian leader, made reforms in slavery,
citizenship, economy
Tyrants-people who gained power by force, often by
making reforms that benefited the poor and merchant class
Cliesthenes-leader who increased citizens role in
government, set up Council of 500�citizens
chosen by lot to supervise govt. Also made all male citizens over 30 part of
lawmaking body (legislature)
How did geography affect Greece and Rome?
oGreece was difficult to unite because of hills and
water separating it but Rome could easily be united
Herodotus-Greek historian who told the story of the
Athenian and Spartan defiance against the Persian king to give up land and
water
Persian Wars-a series of wars fought against the
Persian empire who was trying to conquer Greece
Darius-Persian emperor who led Persian Wars against
Greece
Thucydies-Ancient Greek historian who recorded famous
funeral oration by Pericles praising democracy
Xerxes-Darius�s son who fought in Persians Wars
Peloponnesian-league of enemies of Athens (Sparta),
against democracy, fought war against Athenians that ended the greatness of
Athens
Socrates-a philosopher who lived from 496 B.C.-399 B.C,
wrote no books most of our info on him comes from student Plato, encouraged
questioning your surroundings and was put to death for �corrupting youth and
failing to respect gods�
Plato-Socrates� student, emphasized the importance of
reason, wrote book The Republic, rejected democracy, felt state should
regulate citizens lives to help them
Aristotle-Plato�s student, addressed how people ought
to live, set up school �Lyceum� for the study of all branches of knowledge
Parthenon-famous Greek temple, dedicated to Athena,
simple rectangle supported by columns
Aeschylus-great Greek playwright, along with Sophecles
and Euripides, wrote tragedies
Philip of Macedonia-father of Alexander, ruler of
Macedonia, conquered Athens, wished to conquer Persia but was murdered�wife
made his son Alexander take the throne
Alexander the Great-tutored by Aristotle, conquered
Persia, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor and parts of India (continued
father�s work), responsible for Hellenistic Age and cultural diffusion
Euclid-Greek mathematician during Hellenistic Age,
wrote The Elements�basis of modern
geometry
Pythagoras-Hellenistic mathematician who developed
formula to calculate right triangle sides
Archimide-famous Hellenistic scientist�physics,
mastered lever and pulley
Hippocrates-Greek doctor who studied illnesses and
their causes and made Hippocratic Oath that set ethical standards for
doctors
