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Biology Regents Review |
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Cells are basic units
of structure and function in any living thing.
Metabolism is the sun
of all like processes and chemical reactions
Homeostasis is the
maintenance of internal stability regardless of the external environment. They
must be able to respond to stimuli which are changes in the environment.
Reproduction passes
hereditary information to new organisms. It is vital for a species as a whole
but not necessary for an individual.
The Life Processes- Living things rely on a variety of specific processes to maintain life.
Nutrients
Transport of materials
Respiration
Synthesis ( simple�
complex)
Growth
Excretion- (egesting)
Responding to stimuli (
regulation)
Reproduction
Organic VS Inorganic
Organic- contain both
carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic doesn�t
Organization
Cells�
tissues�
organs�
organ systems�
organisms
Organelles- The
components of a cell with specific functions in maintenance.
Cytoplasm- transports
materials throughout the cell and is the site of many chemical reactions. (
composed mainly of water)
Nucleus- Large
structure that controls the cells metabolism and genetic material. ( brain and
control center of the cell)
Vacuoles- Storage sacks
Ribosome�s- site of
protein synthesis
Mitochondria- Power
house of the cell that contain enzymes that extract energy from nutrients.
Chloroplasts- Only in
plants, they contain chlorophyll and capture light energy to produce food.
The cell membrane- Thin
a structure that surround the cell. Made of lipids and proteins. It serves as a
boundary form the outside environment, controls transport of materials into and
out of the cell. It also recognizes and responds to chemical signals.
Passive Transport-
Movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to an area of low
concentration. It does not require energy. There are two types of passive
transport; diffusion and osmosis. Diffusion is the transport of all substances
except for water and Osmosis is transport of water only.
In cell to cell
communication there are two important components; 1. Receptor 2. Message. The
receptor determines whether it accepts or rejects the signal. They have the
power to block the receptor so that the message can�t go through. These messages
are hormones.
Digestion:
a one way passage through the body. It includes the
mouth, stomach, intestines, and organs. Food enters the body through the mouth
where there is mechanical digestion performed by the teeth, as well as chemical
digestion carried out by the saliva. The saliva is composed of salivary amylase
which breaks down sugars and starches. The food goes down to the esophagus where
there is peristalsis (muscular contraction). The food then enters the stomach
where digestion takes place.
Respiration:
The body uses oxygen to break down food molecules to
release energy. The function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases
between the blood of the circulatory system and the environment.
Circulatory
system: This process involves
movement of materials inside the cell as well of the
movement between parts of a multicultural organism. This process transports
materials throughout the body. The blood carries food and oxygen to the cells
throughout the body. It also carries wastes from the cells to the lungs,
kidneys, and skin for excretion. The blood vessels also carry chemical
messengers (hormones) and the proteins that attack the foreign substances
(antigens) to give the body immunity against antibodies.
Excretion:
this is the removal of all wastes produced by the cells of the body. The human
execratory system includes the lungs, kidneys, and sweat
glands.
Movement:
movement of the body involves the interaction of muscles
and bones (the muscular and skeletal systems.)
Coordination:
the nervous and endocrine system controls and
coordinates. Together these systems respond to, and send messages to cells
throughout the body. The nervous system sends signals along nerves, and the
glands of the endocrine systems produce chemical messengers (hormones) that
travel in the blood stream. The brain spinal cord and nerves are part of the
nervous system.
Immunity-
The immune system increases the body�s immunity which is
its ability to resist disease. Some white blood cells of the immune system
engulf and destroy antigens and bacteria.
Reproduction-
Organisms produce new organisms of the same kind. The two types
of reproduction are sexual and asexual. Sexual contains a sperm and an egg where
asexual only require one parent.
Photosynthesis- In plants
energy for life comes primarily from the sun. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll
which captures light. They use the sun energy to convert inorganic molecules to
energy. One such is the sugar glucose. As a waste product oxygen is released
into the environment. During cellular respiration plant
cells use organic compounds to generate ATP (process of releasing energy in
chemical bonds) Glucose is also used to synthesize complex organic compounds.
Enzymes-
Effect the rate of chemical reactions. They also break down the glucose
molecules.
Cellular
Respiration- The process in
which the energy is released from chemical bonds.
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
Gas Exchange-
Humans give off to the environment CO2 and the plants give off
O2.
Enzymes are catalysts
that affect the rate of chemical reactions. There are many components that
affect the enzyme such as:
Each enzyme is uniquely shaped and has the power to work with one substrate. If the enzyme is deaminated (deformed) than it is no longer reusable. Temperature and the PH affect enzyme activity.
Dynamic Equilibrium-
stability within its limits that organisms need to maintain
Feedback mechanism-
Involves a cycle in which the output of a system feedbacks to either modify or
reinforce the action taken by the system. It helps respond to stimuli. Feedbacks
can be positive and negative.
Heredity is the passing
of genetic info from one generation to the
next
through reproduction.
DNA- heredity
information is organized in the form of genes located in
chromosomes. Genes�
DNA�
Chromosomes
Methods of
reproduction- Asexual reproduction involves one
parent
or individual. In sexual reproduction there are two parents. Because in asexual
there is only one parent the offspring becomes a clone. There are no gametes in
asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction includes the sperm (male) and the egg
(female) which are gametes. The offspring receives half of its genetic
information from each parent. It includes variations within offspring.
DNA- a double helix.
Each subunit has 3 chemical parts: a 5
carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and nitrogenous base. These babes are represented by the letters A
(adenine) G (guanine) C (cytosine) and T (thiamine). A always matches up with T
and C always matches up with G.
Replication produces
two identical copies of the cells genetic info
each
ready to be passed from the parent cell to two offspring cells during cell
division.
RNA- ribonucleic acid.
DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. The DNA molecule unzips (not all the
way) and nucleic acids
line up according to base pairing (uracil replaces thiamine). Messenger RNA and
transfer RNA both take part in protein synthesis at the ribosome.
Mutation- any
alteration
in the sequence of DNA.
Selective Breeding-
a process in which organism that have more desirable traits are bred with
another of that type to concentrate desirable traits.
Gene Splicing- The
cutting of DNA segments in a way that allows the
segments
to be spliced of moved and attached to the DNA of a new organism.
Mitosis- produces two
cells that have a full set of identical genes and
chromosomes.
The cells produced as a result are diploid (contain a full set of genetic
material).
Meiosis- Divides the
genetic material in a way that results in the production of the sex cells
required by organisms that reproduce sexually.
Each gamete has only half the genetic material needed for a cell to function
properly. ( haploid and monoploid)
Fertilization-
When
the sperm and egg combine.
Zygote- cell that
contains all the genetic information needed by the
offspring
Differentiation-
In
early stages of development the embryos cells undergo differentiation. Which
leads to the formation of specialized cells.
Female reproductive system
Ovaries-
produce
egg cells and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. They are located near the
open ends of tubes called the oviducts. The egg cell can be fertilized in the
oviduct if sperm are present. The oviducts lead to the uterus where the embryo
develops into the fetus.
Placenta- organ
responsible for the passage by diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the
mother�s blood to the fetus. Waste from the fetus diffuses to the
mother�s
blood.
Male reproductive System
Testes- produce sperm cells and testosterone.
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