Muslim World & East Asia

                                    (Chapter 13, Sections 2,4,5 Chapter 11, Sections 1-4)

1) Genghiz Khan

�         son of a warrior

�         born to be a great warrior

�         strategist

�         prepared nation for war

�         used strict military discipline

�         demanded loyalty

�         outfitted soldiers with knives, spears, well trained horses

�         had respect for religions, customs, and other fighters

�         created safe routes for trade (silk road)

2) Kublai Khan

�         grandson of Genghiz Khan

�         defeated last Song emperor in 1279

�         from his capital (Cambulac= present day Beijing) ruled all of China, as well as Korea, Tibet, + Vietnam

�         Decreed only Mongols could serve in military

�         reserved highest govt. jobs for Mongols

�         called his dynasty: Yuan dynasty

�         converted Cambulac into a walled city

�         rebuilt and extended the Grand Canal to his new capital (many lives lost)

3) Marco Polo

�         Italian merchant

�         visited Yuan dynasty in 1271 with his father + Uncle

�         In A Description of the World leaves vivid account of wealth and splendor of China

�         described the efficient royal mail system (Couriers riding swift ponies along well kept roads)

�         reported that the city Hangzhou was 10 or 12 time sthe size of Venice (where Polo was from)

4) Yuan Dynasty

�         Kublai Khan ruled in 1279 when last Song Emperor was defeated

�         Government

�      kept Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilazations

�      only Mongols in military

�      arab architects design palace

�      welcomed many foreigners to Kublai's court- African Muslem traveler Ibn Battuta

�      Marco polo visited and described elegance and beauty

�      Mongols tolerated variety of beliefs

�      Chinese products moved towards Europe- gunpowder, porcelain + playing cards

5) Ming Dynasty-

�         restored civil service system

�         Confucian learning became road to success

�         board of censors watched over bureaucracy (rooted out corruption and disloyalty0

�         economy was productive

�         home to industries such as porcelain, paper + tools

�         repaired canal system

�         better methods of printing led to more books

�         revival of arts and literature

�         writers wrote first detective stories

�         developed opera (combined music, dance, + drama)

�         voyage of Zheng He

�      1405, head of fleet of 62 ships

�      crew of 25,000 sailors

�      ships were 400 feet long

�      goal was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across the western seas

�      1405-1433- explored coasts of Southeast Asia + India and entrances to Red Sea + Persian Gulf

�      brought back the qilin (giraffe)

�      1433- he died- Ming emperor banned the ships

o       fleets were costly

o       didn't produce profits

o       Confucian scholars had no interest

6) Archipelago

�         Japan is located on an archipelago

�         chain of islands

�         about 100 miles off Asian mainland

�         4 main islands = Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, + Sikoku

7) Kami

�         clan gods and goddesses

�         generally nature spirits

�         a spirit who was believed to be the original ancestor of an early Japanese clan

8) Kana

�         phonetic symbols representing syllables

9) Yomato Clan

�         dominated a corner of Honshu

�         heartland of Japanese govt.

�         first and only Japanese dynasty

�         claimed direct descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu

�         rising sun was symbol

10) Ring of Fire

11) Shinto

�         never evolved into religion

�         means " the way of the gods"

12) The Korean Bridge

13) Hokkaido

• Japanese island

14) Honshu

• Japanese island

15) Kyushu

• Japanese island

16) Shi Kokn

17) Sea of Japan

18) Sea of Okinotsk

19) Heian period

• 794-1185
• wealthy court families like the Fujiwara wielded real power
• emperors preformed religious ceremonies
• fairytale atmosphere with pavilions, gardens, + lotus pools
• Sei Shonagon wrote The Pillow Book- gave vivid detail in court manners, decor, + dress
• Lady Murasaki wrote The Tale of Genji- considered first novel- composed in 1010- recounts the lives and loves of the fictional Price Genji and his son

20) Shogun

�         had real power

�         supreme military commander

21) Daimyo

�         great warrior lords

22) Samurai

�         lesser warriors

23) Bushido

�         developed code of values

�         code emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one's lord

24) Kabuki

�         1600s- new form of drama

25) Haiku

�         miniature poems adapted from the Chinese

26) Tokugawa shogunate

�         ruled Japan until 1868

�         determined to end feudal warfare

�         system of govt. = centralized feudalism

�         created unified, orderly society

�         to control daimyo, they ruled he must stay in Edo (Tokyo) every other year, wife and children remained in Edo full time,  Daimyo forbidden to marry or repair castle without permission

�         only samurai could serve in military or hold govt. jobs

�         samurais expected to follow traditions of bushido

�         peasants had to remain on land

�         lower classes forbidden to wear silk

�         women faced restrictions

�         agriculture improved and expanded

�         rapid population growth due to surplus of food

�         trade flourished within Japan

27) Centralized Feudalism- see above #26 (everything following system of govt.)

28) Zen Buddhism

�         won acceptance among samurai

�         emphasized meditation and devotion to duty

�         Zen monks were scholars that emphasized the importance of reaching a moment of "non knowing"

�         stressed compassion for all

�         believed people could seek enlightenment through the precise performance of everyday tasks

29) No plays

�         1300s, feudal culture produced No plays on a square wooden stage without scenery

�         represented Zen Buddhist themes, emphasizing the need to renounce selfish desires

�         recounted fairy tales or the struggles between powerful lords

30) Essays in idleness

�         important prose work of the feudal period

�         loosely organized collection of 243 shorts essays by a Zen Buddhist priest named Kenko

31) Hijra

�         Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib)

�         Muhammad was faced with the threat of murder when he made the trip in 622 (first year of Arab calendar)

32) Hajj

�         pilgrimage to Mecca Arabs are expected to make at least once in their lives

33) Caliph

�         successor to Muhammad

�         Abu Bakr was elected first caliph

34) Mosque

�         house of worship where Muslims prefer to gather to pray

35) Prophet Muhammad

�         born in Mecca in 570

�         grew up as a successful merchant

�         The angel Gabriel came to him while meditating with the word of god

�         Muhammad's Hijra (see #31)

�         In Medina he was welcomed as ruler, lawgiver, and god's prophet

�         630- destroyed idols in Kaaba (in Mecca)

�         632- he died

36) Allah

�         Arabic word for one all powerful, compassionate god

37) Abu Bakr

�         first caliph (after Muhammad's death)

38) Islam

�         religion Muslims follow

�         based on strict monotheism

�         Muhammad spread Islam

�         sacred text = Quran

�         there are 5 pillars of Islam

39) Five Pillars of Islam

�         5 basic duties all Muslims accept

1.      declaration of faith = "there is no god but god"

2.      daily prayer = after a ritual of washing Muslims face Mecca to pray, often gather in mosques

3.      giving charity to the poor

4.      fasting from sunrise to sunset during the Ramadan

5.      Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime

40) Mecca, Medina

�         Muhammad's journey was from Mecca to Medina, call Hijra

�         Medina was originally called Yathrib

41) Sharia

�         immense body of law interpreting the Quran and applying its teachings to daily life

�         the system of law regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community

�         helped unite the many people that converted to Islam

42) People of the Book

�         Muslims believe that the Quran and Islam was god's last revelation and that the Torah and bible contain partial revalations

�         feel "people of the book" are spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshippers

�         enjoyed religious freedom

43) Sultan

�         1055, a Seljuk sultan, authority, controlled Baghdad but he left Abbassid caliph as a figurehead

44) Kaaba

�         In Mecca, Muhammad destroyed the idols there

45) Sunni

�         a group that makes up about 90% of Muslims

�         felt caliph should be chosen by leaders of Muslim community

�         agreed caliph should be pious but viewed him as a leader not as a religious authority

46) Shiites

�         a group that makes up about 9% of Muslims

�         felt caliph could only be a true successor to the prophet (descendants of Muhammad)

�         believed descendants were divinely inspired

47) Sufis

�         a group of Muslim mystics that make up about 1% of Muslims

�         sought communication with god through meditation, fasting, and other rituals

�         respected for piety and miraculous powers

48) Fatima and Ali

�         daughter and son-in-law of Muhammad

�         Shiites believed their descendants could be the only ones to become caliph

49) Tamerlane

�         1398, he invaded India

�         plundered northern plain and smashed into Delhi

50) Dome of the Rock

�         Muslims built it in Jerusalem (architecture they adapted from Byzantine buildings)

�         a great shrine capped with a magnificent dome 

51) Taj Mahal

�         Shah Jahan had a stunning tomb built for his dead wife, tomb = Taj Mahal

52) Urdu

�         a new language evolved from persian, Arabic, and Hindi

53) Sikhism

�         Nanak's teachings led to a new religion, Sikhism, in northern India

�         a blend of Muslim monotheism and Hindu beliefs

�         preached the unity of god, the brotherhood of man, the rejection of caste, and the futility of idol worship

�         Sikhs organized into military forces that clashed with the powerful Mughal rulers of India

54) Akbar the Great

�         the chief builder of the Mughal empire

�         long reign from 1556 to 1605

�         created a strong central govt.

�         although a Muslim, won support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration

�         opened govt. jobs to Hinud's of all castes

�         ended tax on non Muslims

�         married a Hindu princess

�         used paid officials in place of heredity officeholders

�         modernized the army

�         encouraged international trade

�         introduced land reforms

55) al- Khwarizmi

�          

56) Rabiah al- Adawiyya

�         one of the earliest Sufis

�         rejected marriage and devoted her life to prayer

�         in her poetry, she urged Muslims to worship God selflessly without hope or reward

57) Golden Age of Muslims (see notes and handout)

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