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Muslim World & East Asia |
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(Chapter 13, Sections 2,4,5 Chapter 11, Sections 1-4)
1) Genghiz Khan
· son of a warrior
· born to be a great warrior
· strategist
· prepared nation for war
· used strict military discipline
· demanded loyalty
· outfitted soldiers with knives, spears, well trained horses
· had respect for religions, customs, and other fighters
· created safe routes for trade (silk road)
2) Kublai Khan
· grandson of Genghiz Khan
· defeated last Song emperor in 1279
· from his capital (Cambulac= present day Beijing) ruled all of China, as well as Korea, Tibet, + Vietnam
· Decreed only Mongols could serve in military
· reserved highest govt. jobs for Mongols
· called his dynasty: Yuan dynasty
· converted Cambulac into a walled city
· rebuilt and extended the Grand Canal to his new capital (many lives lost)
3) Marco Polo
· Italian merchant
· visited Yuan dynasty in 1271 with his father + Uncle
· In A Description of the World leaves vivid account of wealth and splendor of China
· described the efficient royal mail system (Couriers riding swift ponies along well kept roads)
· reported that the city Hangzhou was 10 or 12 time sthe size of Venice (where Polo was from)
4) Yuan Dynasty
· Kublai Khan ruled in 1279 when last Song Emperor was defeated
· Government
Ø kept Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilazations
Ø only Mongols in military
Ø arab architects design palace
Ø welcomed many foreigners to Kublai's court- African Muslem traveler Ibn Battuta
Ø Marco polo visited and described elegance and beauty
Ø Mongols tolerated variety of beliefs
Ø Chinese products moved towards Europe- gunpowder, porcelain + playing cards
5) Ming Dynasty-
· restored civil service system
· Confucian learning became road to success
· board of censors watched over bureaucracy (rooted out corruption and disloyalty0
· economy was productive
· home to industries such as porcelain, paper + tools
· repaired canal system
· better methods of printing led to more books
· revival of arts and literature
· writers wrote first detective stories
· developed opera (combined music, dance, + drama)
· voyage of Zheng He
Ø 1405, head of fleet of 62 ships
Ø crew of 25,000 sailors
Ø ships were 400 feet long
Ø goal was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across the western seas
Ø 1405-1433- explored coasts of Southeast Asia + India and entrances to Red Sea + Persian Gulf
Ø brought back the qilin (giraffe)
Ø 1433- he died- Ming emperor banned the ships
o fleets were costly
o didn't produce profits
o Confucian scholars had no interest
6) Archipelago
· Japan is located on an archipelago
· chain of islands
· about 100 miles off Asian mainland
· 4 main islands = Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, + Sikoku
7) Kami
· clan gods and goddesses
· generally nature spirits
· a spirit who was believed to be the original ancestor of an early Japanese clan
8) Kana
· phonetic symbols representing syllables
9) Yomato Clan
· dominated a corner of Honshu
· heartland of Japanese govt.
· first and only Japanese dynasty
· claimed direct descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu
· rising sun was symbol
10) Ring of Fire
11) Shinto
· never evolved into religion
· means " the way of the gods"
12) The Korean Bridge
13) Hokkaido
14) Honshu
15) Kyushu
16) Shi Kokn
17) Sea of Japan
18) Sea of Okinotsk
19) Heian period
20) Shogun
· had real power
· supreme military commander
21) Daimyo
· great warrior lords
22) Samurai
· lesser warriors
23) Bushido
· developed code of values
· code emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one's lord
24) Kabuki
· 1600s- new form of drama
25) Haiku
· miniature poems adapted from the Chinese
26) Tokugawa shogunate
· ruled Japan until 1868
· determined to end feudal warfare
· system of govt. = centralized feudalism
· created unified, orderly society
· to control daimyo, they ruled he must stay in Edo (Tokyo) every other year, wife and children remained in Edo full time, Daimyo forbidden to marry or repair castle without permission
· only samurai could serve in military or hold govt. jobs
· samurais expected to follow traditions of bushido
· peasants had to remain on land
· lower classes forbidden to wear silk
· women faced restrictions
· agriculture improved and expanded
· rapid population growth due to surplus of food
· trade flourished within Japan
27) Centralized Feudalism- see above #26 (everything following system of govt.)
28) Zen Buddhism
· won acceptance among samurai
· emphasized meditation and devotion to duty
· Zen monks were scholars that emphasized the importance of reaching a moment of "non knowing"
· stressed compassion for all
· believed people could seek enlightenment through the precise performance of everyday tasks
29) No plays
· 1300s, feudal culture produced No plays on a square wooden stage without scenery
· represented Zen Buddhist themes, emphasizing the need to renounce selfish desires
· recounted fairy tales or the struggles between powerful lords
30) Essays in idleness
· important prose work of the feudal period
· loosely organized collection of 243 shorts essays by a Zen Buddhist priest named Kenko
31) Hijra
· Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib)
· Muhammad was faced with the threat of murder when he made the trip in 622 (first year of Arab calendar)
32) Hajj
· pilgrimage to Mecca Arabs are expected to make at least once in their lives
33) Caliph
· successor to Muhammad
· Abu Bakr was elected first caliph
34) Mosque
· house of worship where Muslims prefer to gather to pray
35) Prophet Muhammad
· born in Mecca in 570
· grew up as a successful merchant
· The angel Gabriel came to him while meditating with the word of god
· Muhammad's Hijra (see #31)
· In Medina he was welcomed as ruler, lawgiver, and god's prophet
· 630- destroyed idols in Kaaba (in Mecca)
· 632- he died
36) Allah
· Arabic word for one all powerful, compassionate god
37) Abu Bakr
· first caliph (after Muhammad's death)
38) Islam
· religion Muslims follow
· based on strict monotheism
· Muhammad spread Islam
· sacred text = Quran
· there are 5 pillars of Islam
39) Five Pillars of Islam
· 5 basic duties all Muslims accept
1. declaration of faith = "there is no god but god"
2. daily prayer = after a ritual of washing Muslims face Mecca to pray, often gather in mosques
3. giving charity to the poor
4. fasting from sunrise to sunset during the Ramadan
5. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
40) Mecca, Medina
· Muhammad's journey was from Mecca to Medina, call Hijra
· Medina was originally called Yathrib
41) Sharia
· immense body of law interpreting the Quran and applying its teachings to daily life
· the system of law regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community
· helped unite the many people that converted to Islam
42) People of the Book
· Muslims believe that the Quran and Islam was god's last revelation and that the Torah and bible contain partial revalations
· feel "people of the book" are spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshippers
· enjoyed religious freedom
43) Sultan
· 1055, a Seljuk sultan, authority, controlled Baghdad but he left Abbassid caliph as a figurehead
44) Kaaba
· In Mecca, Muhammad destroyed the idols there
45) Sunni
· a group that makes up about 90% of Muslims
· felt caliph should be chosen by leaders of Muslim community
· agreed caliph should be pious but viewed him as a leader not as a religious authority
46) Shiites
· a group that makes up about 9% of Muslims
· felt caliph could only be a true successor to the prophet (descendants of Muhammad)
· believed descendants were divinely inspired
47) Sufis
· a group of Muslim mystics that make up about 1% of Muslims
· sought communication with god through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
· respected for piety and miraculous powers
48) Fatima and Ali
· daughter and son-in-law of Muhammad
· Shiites believed their descendants could be the only ones to become caliph
49) Tamerlane
· 1398, he invaded India
· plundered northern plain and smashed into Delhi
50) Dome of the Rock
· Muslims built it in Jerusalem (architecture they adapted from Byzantine buildings)
· a great shrine capped with a magnificent dome
51) Taj Mahal
· Shah Jahan had a stunning tomb built for his dead wife, tomb = Taj Mahal
52) Urdu
· a new language evolved from persian, Arabic, and Hindi
53) Sikhism
· Nanak's teachings led to a new religion, Sikhism, in northern India
· a blend of Muslim monotheism and Hindu beliefs
· preached the unity of god, the brotherhood of man, the rejection of caste, and the futility of idol worship
· Sikhs organized into military forces that clashed with the powerful Mughal rulers of India
54) Akbar the Great
· the chief builder of the Mughal empire
· long reign from 1556 to 1605
· created a strong central govt.
· although a Muslim, won support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration
· opened govt. jobs to Hinud's of all castes
· ended tax on non Muslims
· married a Hindu princess
· used paid officials in place of heredity officeholders
· modernized the army
· encouraged international trade
· introduced land reforms
55) al- Khwarizmi
·
56) Rabiah al- Adawiyya
· one of the earliest Sufis
· rejected marriage and devoted her life to prayer
· in her poetry, she urged Muslims to worship God selflessly without hope or reward
57) Golden Age of Muslims (see notes and handout)
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