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Aim: How does geography influence Japanese society? (Chp 13 Sec 4)

 

1.      Describe the early Japanese Traditions. The early Japanese society was divided into uji (clans). Each uji was headed by a chief and a special god or goddess who was seen as the clan�s original ancestor. Women could also be clan members and they held high positions in the clan, this suggests that women were highly respected. Around 500 A.D. the Yamato Clan came to dominate a corner of Honshu. The Yamato set up Japan�s first and only dynasty. They claimed direct descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu and therefore the rising sun became their symbol. Shinto was the practice of worshipping the kami (clan gods or goddess), meaning �the way of the gods�. Shinto shrines were built in dedication of mountains, waterfalls, and ancient trees. The Japanese language is distantly related to the Korean language. This is because of the �Korean bridge� which was the connection between Korea and Japan. Korea introduced sophisticated technology to Japan and many skilled artisans and metalworkers settled there too. Missionaries from Korea also introduced Buddhism to the Japanese. They also introduced Chinese writing and culture, this sparked Japanese interest in China.

2.      Describe the period when Japan is introduced to China. In the early 600s, Prince Shotoku who was a member of the Yamato family, decided to explore knowledge of China. He sent nobles to China and over a 200 year period many students, monks and traders would visit the Changan during the golden days of the Tang dynasty. The Japanese adopted the idea of �Heavenly Emperor� for their rulers and allowed them to claim absolute power, which was a Chinese culture. They strengthened the central government and adopted a law code like China. In 710 the Japanese emperor built a capital at Nara that modeled the Tang capital in Changan (China). The nobles spoke Chinese and learned how to cook Chinese food. They adopted the idea of tea drinking and the tea drinking ceremony from the Chinese as well. But the new Japanese bureaucracy did not hold much authority and instead of Chinese culture spreading, Buddhism spread throughout Japan. Confucian ideas also emerged and they took emphasis on filial piety and the relationships between superior and inferior. Soon the enthusiasm died down and the Japanese became more selective as Tang China declined. The Japanese then invented kana, or symbols that represented syllables.

3.      The Heian Period (Japanese Feudalism) � The Heian period was known as the fairy tale life for the nobles. During this period art and literature flourished within the capital city of Kyoto. But throughout the countryside war between clans erupted. Soon Japan evolved into a feudal system and a warrior aristocracy dominated the Japanese society. In theory ultimate power lay in the hands of the emperor but power truly lie in the hands of the shogun (supreme military commander). The shogun distributed land to vassal lords (also called daimyo) and they gave land to lesser warriors called samurai, meaning �those who serve�. The samurai also had a code of values called the bushido. This code emphasized bravery, honor, and absolute loyalty to one�s lord. During the feudal age, Mongol forces led by Kublai Khan attacked Japan. But a large typhoon destroyed most of the Mongol ships during 2 different invasions. The Japanese credited their luck to kamikaze (divine winds) and this reinforced their belief in god.

4.      Tokugawas � a new dynasty emerged in 1338 after Mongol invasions, but warfare still increased. But by 1590 Toyotomi Hideyosh brought most of Japan under his control and tried but failed to conquer Korea and China. Then Tokugawa Ieyashu became master of Japan and was named shogun. This was the start of the Tokugawa dynasty. They had a centralized feudal government because they focused on the control from the central government. The Tokugawas brought back the idea of a caste system and women, peasants, and members of the lower classes had very little luxuries. During this period there was also large economic growth since peace was finally restored. There was a food surplus and trade flourished greatly. The end result of the Tokugawa dynasty was peace and stability of Japan and great success to their economy. Culture spread greatly as well and they introduced new forms of art, literature and theatre.

5.      Geography of Japan � Japan is located on an archipelago (a chain of islands about 100 miles off the Asian mainland). The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku. They are all located to the east of the Korean peninsula. Because four fifths of Japan is too mountainous to farm on or live on most of the Japanese population reside in narrow river valleys and along the coast of Japan. The surrounding seas protect and isolate Japan. It is close enough to Korea and China to learn new additions to their culture but too far away to be captured. The seas surrounding Japan were also used as trade route. The Inland Sea is an example of this. It was used as an important link between the various Japanese islands. Japan is also located in the Pacific region which is known as the Ring of Fire. The Pacific region includes Indonesia, the Philippines, and parts of Australia which are subject to frequent volcanoes and earthquakes.

a.       the Sea of Japan separates Japan from Korea and the Asian mainland

b.      Japan�s 4 major islands are Kyushu (southernmost), Shikoku, Honshu, and Hokkaido (northernmost)

c.       Japan�s capital is Tokyo which was once called Edo and is located on Honshu

d.      The Inland Sea is the sea that slightly separates Shikoku and Honshu

e.       The volcano Mt. Fuji is located on Honshu which is the biggest of the Japanese islands

f.       Japan is located on an archipelago (a chain of small islands) about 100 miles off the coast of Asia and is composed of 4 main islands. Because of the mild climate and rain farming is what unites the Japanese. Since its close enough to China and Korea, Japan is not isolated and is influenced by those countries. The seas help Japan preserve its identity and also served as trade routes.

g.      Because 4/5 of Japan is too mountainous to farm, people settled in narrow river valleys and along the coastal plains. A mild climate and enough rain helped the Japanese make the most of the little arable land that they had.

6.      Ring of Fire � Japan lies in a Pacific area known as the The R.o.F also includes Indonesia, Philippines, and parts of Australia and South America. This are comes across many volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Japan began to fear and respect these forces of nature. Mount Fuji is today, a symbol of the beauty and magnificence of nature. 

7.      Yamoto Clan � Early Japanese societies were divided into clans, called uji. Each uji had a leader and a special god or goddess that was said to be their original ancestor. Some clan leaders were women, which implies that women held a respected rank in society.

8.      Shinto � the kami were the clan gods and goddesses. The kami were usually nature spirits. They began worshipping forces of nature and it became known as Shinto. Shinto means �the way of the gods�.

9.      Explain the relationship between Japan and Korea. Japan and Korea were closely in contact with each other. Korea taught Japan many Chinese ideas (Korean Bridge). Japan decided they wanted to learn Chinese culture firsthand, so they send missionaries to learn government, technology, trading, and art.

10.  Selective Borrowing � After Japan�s Chinese phase, they became very selective. They kept some Chinese ideas but threw away and changed others. Japan kept their way of inheriting status through family, while China chose officials based on merit. Japan digested Chinese ideas and modified them to create their own unique civilization. Japan declared their identity by adding Kana to their writing. Kana are phonetic symbols representing syllables.

11.  The Pillow Book � written by Sei Shonagon. She gives details of court manners, decoration, and dress.

12.  The Tale of Genji � written by Murasaki Shikibu, and is considered the world�s first novel. Tells the story of the fictional Prince Genji and his son.

 

Aim: How did Japanese society develop under feudalism? (Chp 13 Sec 5)

 

1. Explain why feudalism developed in Japan. While the emperor was in control of the Heian Court, competing clans fought for control of the countryside. Local warlords and Buddhist temples formed groups that would be loyal to them rather than to the central government. As these groups struggled to gain power, Japan was forming a feudal system.
2. Feudal society � although the emperor was head of Japan, he didn�t have any power over them. The real power was in the hands of the Shogun. The Shogun was the supreme military commander. The shogun distributed land to warrior lords if they promised to back him up. These warrior lords were called daimyo. The daimyo granted land to lesser lords called, Samurai (those who serve).
3. Bushido � samurai were heavily armed and trained to fight. They developed a code of values = Bushido, which means �the way of the warrior�. The code stressed honor, bravery, and loyalty to the lords. A samurai that betrayed the Bushido was to commit seppuku (suicide).
4. Women � women�s rank went down during the age of the samurai. Japanese women worked to produce the most important works of literature using kana. One woman, Shonagon, produced a series of personal observations about court manners, d�cor, and dress. But the best known Heian writer was Shikibu who wrote the world�s first novel about a fictional prince and his son. Many other women produced works of romances that were haunted by a sense of beauty and love.
5. Discuss the feudal period in Japan. In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu, defeated his competitors and gained control of Japan after Toyotomi tried, but failed, to conquer Korea and China. The Tokugawa Shogunate was determined to end feudal fighting. They forced central government on Japan. Their system of government is called centralized feudalism because of what they did. They created a unified and orderly society. Unified feudalism resulted was achieved but warfare and resulted in the Tokugawas creating a unified, orderly, society. The established new laws and fixed the old social order and only samurai were allowed to serve in the military. There was also economic growth with peace restored on the countryside. Finally there was also a food surplus that supported the rapid population growth which resulted in towns flourishing around the castles of daimyo.
6. Zen Buddhism � During the feudal period, a Buddhist sect called Zen which emphasized meditation grew popular in Japan. Zen monks were great scholars but at the same time stressed the importance of reaching �non-knowing�. Zen Buddhists believed that people could seek enlightenment through meditation and performing ones everyday tasks. Zen also emphasized nature, beauty and influenced the development of fine landscape paintings.Zen emphasized meditation and devotion to duty. Zen many times contradicted itself.  [*a. Zen Monks were great scholars yet they stressed reaching a moment of �non-knowing�, *b. Zen stressed compassion yet samurai fought to kill, *c. sought to experience freedom yet the master had full control over his students.] Through Zen, upper-class men showed their devotion to nature through gardening. It was believed that enlightenment could be achieved through everyday tasks and not only meditation.  For example, the tea ceremony.
7. Japanese Art � The life style of the urban middle class influenced art and theatre in Japan and differed from the feudal scenery that dominated Japan for so long. Nō plays were performed on a wooden stage without any scenery. Each play represented different Buddhist themes and emphasized the need to renounce selfish desire. Other Nō plays represented fairy tales or wars between powerful lords. Kabuki was another form of drama that was influenced by Nō plays but it usually included comedy or melodrama in portraying family or historical events. Literature works were also produced by Zen Buddhists (ex: Essays in Idleness) like Kenko. A form of poetry called haiku also became popular. Their paintings of vast landscapes were influenced by Chinese landscape portraits. But they also developed their own style of colorful art that gave a strong sense of Japanese culture.
8. Tea Ceremony � reflected Zen values of peace, simplicity, and love of beauty. It also influenced landscape paintings.
9. Kabuki � in the 1600�s a new from of drama was released, it was called Kabuki. Kabuki was influenced by N� Plays. It was a mixture of comedy and melodrama, colorful costumes, and had exaggerated movements.
10. Shogun � in the Japanese society, real power usually lay in the hands of shoguns who were supreme military commanders. Shoguns and warriors held most of the power in feudal Japan and therefore there was warfare and battles throughout most of the rule of the emperor. But in theory the emperor headed Japan but power did not lay in the emperors hands.
11. Daimyo � vassal lords who were followers of the shoguns and they were great warriors who supported their lord in the time of need.
12. Samurai � lesser warriors, their name meant �those who serve�. They were the fighters of aristocracy in a war torn land.
13. Haiku � miniature poetry made up of 3 lined and 17 symbols.
14. Compare and contrast Medieval Europe and Feudal Japan. Compare � a warrior aristocracy controlled Japanese society and like medieval Christian knights, samurai were heavily armed and trained to fight.  Contrast � Europeans favored chivalry (good manners) but the samurai�s code did not put women on a high level.

Aim: How did the Mongols build and maintain their vast empire? (Chp 13 Sec 2)

 

1. Genghiz Khan � according to Mongol tradition Genghiz Khan or Temujin was marked for greatness from the moment of his birth when he was born holding a clump of blood in his hand. A seer predicted that Genghiz Khan would rule the world. At a young age his father died and he was placed as the leader of his father�s army. But he quickly suffered many losses and was taken prisoner by a rival clan. He then escaped and took revenge on those who humiliated and returned to take the Mongols on to victory. While he ruled the Mongols he imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. The Mongol warriors carried two bows, one for short range fighting and the other for long range. Mongol women were also great fighters and skilled riders. They also took responsibility of monitoring the camps while the men were at war. Genghiz went on to attempt on conquering China but died before it was achieved.
2. The Effects of the Mongol Domination. After his death, the heirs of Genghiz Khan continued to expand the Mongol Empire and they continued to dominate much of Asia. The Mongols were also tolerant to those they conquered. Genghiz Khan set that example by having respect and listening to the ideas of Confucian, Muslim, and Jewish scholars, Buddhist monks, Christians and Zoroastrians. The heirs of Genghiz also established peace and political stability which set the stage for economic growth.
3. Yuan Dynasty � Kublai Khan, who was Genghiz Khan�s grandson, set up the Yuan dynasty which was a foreign dynasty in China. There was a decree that only Mongols could serve in the military and the highest jobs were reserved for Mongols only. Kublai Khan did allow Chinese officials to continue to rule over provinces in China. But he also tried to prevent the Mongols from mixing with the Chinese but at the same time he adopted the name Yuan fro the dynasty which was a Chinese name. Kublai Khan also extended the Grand Canal to his new capital and he welcomed many foreigners including African Muslim Ibn Battuta and Italian explorer Marco Polo. Marco Polo was an Italian merchant who traveled across Persia and Central Asia to reach China. He spent 17 years in Kublai Khan�s service and then returned to Venice and praised the royal palace and vastness of the Yuan dynasty. The Yuan dynasty was known for its wealth, art, and beauty as well as the vastness of the palace and the efficient royal mail system.
4. How did the Mongols create a world empire? By having trained men and women in skills like horse riding, they had one of the strongest most dependable armies of their time. The Mongol�s strong army and fierce leader led them on to world domination.
5. What was the legacy of the Mongol conquest? They left a legacy of power and fierceness but also showed generosity to different religions. They set up political stability and economic succession. The final legacy that their leader left was peace and tolerance to others.
6. Explain how the Mongols ruled their empire. They were not harsh rulers. They often let people live the way they had before Mongol conquered them, just as long as they paid their tribute (taxes) to the Mongols. Genghiz set an example for his successor by ruling his lands with tolerance and justice.
7. Kublai Khan � grandson of Genghiz Kahn; tried to stop Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilizations, only Mongols can be in the army, high ranking jobs were given to other Mongols or non-Chinese, Mongols were too few and as a result Kublai allowed Chinese officials to rule the provinces. Yuan became the Chinese name for Kublai�s dynasty. Kublai was a harsh ruler and took a lot of money from his people.
8. Marco Polo � an Italian merchant visiting China; Polo wrote a book about the magnificent cities, Kublai�s castle, and the mail system.

Aim: How did the Ming emperors attempt to restore Chinese rule? (Chp 13 Sec 2)

 

1. Zhu Yuanzhang - founder of the Ming (brilliant) dynasty.
2. Ming Dynasty � After the decline of the Yuan dynasty the Ming dynasty emerged and was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. He formed a rebel army and toppled the Mongols and pushed them beyond the Great Wall. The Ming restored civil service exams and introduced a board of censors that watched over the bureaucracy in order to avoid corruption. He also restored Confucian teachings and the extensive canal system. There was also an economic revival and trade flourished and the canal system was repaired. There was also a popular return of arts and literature.
3. Zheng He � The Ming rulers sent fleets to explore distant waters. The most famous voyage was that off Zheng He. He set out with the goal to promote trade and he explored the coasts of Southeast Asia and India. He visited many ports and returned with new and unfamiliar animals. The most famous was the giraffe which was called qilin. Because of Zheng Hes voyages China sent more messengers to Southeast Asia. In result many acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese empire. After Zheng He died the Ming empire banned the building of seagoing ships and further explorations were halted.
4. Explain the importance of the Yuan and Ming dynasties (include how Ming rulers reasserted Chinese ancestors). The Yuan dynasty was controlled by wealth, art and beauty. Marco Polo also described the arts and vastness of the palace as well as the efficient royal mail system. The Ming dynasty restored the civil service system and began to stress the Confucian learning. The economy revived and a board of censors was placed to watch that the bureaucracy would not root out of control and become corrupt. Culture began to flourish and there was a revival of arts and literature. The Yuan dynasty left a legacy of vastness and glory that sparked European interest in Asia. Also communities were set up by Muslims in China and the Pope sent priests to Beijing. The Ming dynasty left behind a popular tradition of Chinese opera that combined music, dance, and drama.
5. Why did China, with its advanced naval technology, turn its back on overseas exploration?
    a. The fleets were expensive and no profit was made from them.
    b. Confucian scholars weren�t interested in oversea voyages.  

 

 

Aim: How did Islam develop into a major religion? (Chp 11 Sec 1)

 

1. Mecca was an oasis town in western Arabia. Mecca was a crossroads between two routes and it was a busy market town. Mecca was also a successful pilgrimage center. Arabs came to Mecca to pray at the Kaaba. Mecca was the birthplace to the prophet, Muhammad.
2. Hijra � in 622 Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib and it was a turning point for Islam
3. Caliph � the first successor of Muhammad who was Abu Bakr
4. Mosque � the Muslim house of worship also called masjids
5. Hajj � the fifth pillar of Islam which is the pilgrimage to Mecca
6. The Birth of Islam � During the time of Muhammad many arab clans called Bedouins traveled throughout Asia. They traded with Arabs that were settled in Mecca. Muhammad was born in Mecca and he later became a merchant. At the age of 40 Muhammad heard a voice while meditating in a cave; it was the voice of the angel Gabriel telling him he will become a messenger of God. His wife was the first convert to the faith of Islam and soon he found followers. But facing the threat of assassination he fled from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina). That date of 622 became the first year on the Muslim calendar. Soon Muhammad had many followers so he returned to Mecca to destroy his enemies and he was victorious. After the death of Muhammad Abu Bakr was the caliph that took his place.
7. The Koran and the Sharia � To the Muslims the Koran contains the sacred words of God and is the final authority in all matters of life. To them the Koran is a guide to the right direction and its ethical standards emphasize honesty, generosity, and social justice. But the Koran also sets boundaries and punishments to those who sin. The language of the Koran has also helped unite Muslims from many religious backgrounds. The Sharia is the translation or interpretation of the Koran developed by Muslim scholars. The Sharia does not separate the religion from life and all legal situations apply to the Koran and to the Islamic way of life.
8. Five Pillars of Islam � The five Pillars of Islam: The fist is the declaration of faith; all Muslims believe that there is a God and only one God and that Muhammad is the lord�s messenger. The second pillar is daily prayer. The Muslims must face the direction of Mecca to pray and they pray on their knees. Usually they gather to pray in mosques. The third pillar is giving charity to the poor. The fourth pillar is fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. The fifth and final pillar is hajj which is the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim must complete at least once in their lifetime. The pillars bring the Muslims together by uniting them in their belief in God and Muhammad, daily prayer, charity, Ramadan, and hajj. Pilgrims who travel to Mecca even wear simple clothes because they believe they are all equal when they stand before God.
9. Sunni and Shiite Muslims � Sunni and Shiite are two different Muslim sects. Violence has always existed between the two sects because they disagreed about many things. Sunnis felt that the caliph should be chosen by the leaders of the Muslim community. They also viewed caliphs as leaders and not as religious authority. Shiite Muslims saw the caliph as a religious authority as well as a leader and must be a descendant of the prophet Muhammad. (Ex: Fatima and Ali � daughter and son in law of Muhammad � were assassinated by a rebel group and were viewed as martyrs.) There was also a strong belief in following theocracy which is government rule by religion.
10. Kaaba � an ancient shrine that Muslims believe was built by Abraham. In Muhammad�s time, the Kaaba held statues of gods and goddesses. Religious traffic brought profit to merchants.
11. Muhammad � was born in Mecca and raised by his uncle. He was a successful merchant and married a merchant, Khadija, at the age of 25. He usually prayed alone in a deserted cave because idol worship by Arabs and the ethical harms of society confused him. When Muhammad was about 40, a �voice of the angel, Gabriel� spoke to him. This �so called� voice told him to spread the word that there is only one god and everyone shall obey this god. Muhammad was scared of this vision. His wife encouraged him to accept this vision upon himself and she became the first convert to Islam. Muhammad devoted the rest of his life to spreading Islam and trying to get people to give up the fake gods. Many merchants refused to believe Muhammad. They didn�t want to give up their idols. These angered merchants threatened to murder Muhammad. Scared of this threat, Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib. This journey was called Hijra. Later, Yathrib�s name was changed to Medina. This became the first year of the Islam calendar. The Hijra was a turning point for Islam. In Medina, Muhammad was welcomed and as his reputation grew, many Arabs converted to Islam. Medina defeated Mecca in a series of attacks; Muhammad returned successfully and destroyed the statues in the Kaaba. After Muhammad�s death, his followers were grief-stricken. Abu Bakr assured them that if they believed in god they were ok because god is still alive. Abu Bakr was elected the first caliph. The caliph was a successor to Muhammad. Under the caliphs, the message of Islam was quickly spread through Arabia. Islam is the religion developed by Muhammad. The word Islam comes from the Arabic word meaning �submission�. Islam is based on monotheism; one powerful god whose Arabic name is Allah. In Islam people are responsible for their own actions; as stated by the Koran. The Koran is the holy book of Islam. 
12. Women and Islam � Before Islam, the position women were in varied. In some areas women were successful (Muhammad�s wife), and in some areas women were controlled by a male guardian, couldn�t inherit land, and daughters weren�t wanted in a way that they would be killed at birth. Islam ended sexual discrimination. It stated in the Koran: �Whoever does right, whether male or female�� The Koran prohibited killing daughters, and guaranteed protection for widows. Because of the Koran women were now allowed to inherit land, choose if they wanted to marry or divorce, and could get an education. Although women received more rights than they had before, the men were still superior to them (men could receive a bigger land through inheritance than women could). Later, a new law came that secluded women. Women were only allowed to leave on three occasions: her wedding, death of parents, and when she dies.

  

 

 

 

Aim: How did Islam succeed to become a major world religion? (Chp 11 Sec 2)

1. Jihad � is an effort in god�s service. Some people took this as another duty to fulfill. It may include giving charity or finding inner peace, which is a battle in defense of Islam (that�s why some people call jihad a �holy war�)
2. After Muhammad�s death they began withdrawing themselves from the Muslim state. Abu Bakr was scared of what would become of them. Abu Bakr and three other caliphs, took the Islam armies on a series of battles after they finally reunited. They rapidly conquered a big portion of the Byzantine Empire (Syria, Palestine�), the Persian Empire, and Egypt. Because of what they conquered they began spreading through North Africa, Europe�
3. Why did the Arabs have such an astonishing series of victories?
   1. the Byzantine and Persian Empires fought each other until they  were exhausted. Once the Arab armies got to them they were too  weak to fight.
   2. bold and efficient fighting methods, the Arab camel and horse  cavalry (carried important things for them).
   3. the faith Muhammad taught them to have
4. How did they treat the people they conquered? Muslim leaders put a tax on non-Muslims, but allowed Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians to practice their own faith and follow their own laws. But basically they were very tolerant towards land they conquered. Many Jews and Christians even became officials, doctors, and translators.
5. Sunni and Shiite Muslims � Sunni and Shiite are two different Muslim sects. Violence has always existed between the two sects because they disagreed about many things. Sunnis felt that the caliph should be chosen by the leaders of the Muslim community. They also viewed caliphs as leaders and not as religious authority. Shiite Muslims saw the caliph as a religious authority as well as a leader and must be a descendant of the prophet Muhammad. (Ex: Fatima and Ali � daughter and son in law of Muhammad � were assassinated by a rebel group and were viewed as martyrs.) There was also a strong belief in following theocracy which is government rule by religion.
6. Umayyad Family - after Ali�s death, they set up a dynasty that would rule the Islamic world until 750. They were faced with many problems such as adapting to large cities as opposed to deserts. Government officials were usually Jews, Greeks, and Persians. As a result, Arab rulers adopted many new traditions of government from Persia and Byzantine. They became rich and as conquests slowed, a fear of poverty arose. The Shiites didn�t like the Umayyad because they killed Ali and his son. The converts to Islam were getting annoyed as well because they didn�t have the same rights as a regular Muslim under the Umayyad.
7. Abbassids Dynasty - founded by Abu al-Abbas. He invited members of the Umayyad to a party and killed them all. Abbassids�s dynasty lasted until 1258. It helped Islam become a universal religion and brought the empire of the caliphs to its greatest power and wealth position.
   ***This was a Golden Age for the Islamic Civilization***
8. Minarets - a tall tower of mosques from which the muezzin (or crier) called everyone for the daily prayer.
9. As the caliph�s power began fading, a civil war erupted and Shiite rulers took over parts of the empire. In the next 500 years a series of invasions took place that added to the chaos.
10. In the 900�s the Seljuks Turks moved to the Middle East from Asia. They adopted Islam and built an empire on the Fertile crescent. By 1055, a Seljuk sultan, or authority, controlled Baghdad and left an Abbassid caliph as a head of the country. Seljuks pushed into Asia Minor and threatened the Byzantine Empire. As a result of the Seljuk interfering with Christian pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem, Pope Urban II called for the first crusade in 1095.

 

Aim: How did the Muslim Civilization experience a Golden Age? (Chp 11 Sec 3)

 

1. Arabesque - a complex design created with curved lines that suggest floral shapes, appeared in rugs, textiles, and glassware.
2. Advances made by Muslim civilizations.
   1. Architecture - Muslims adapted the domes and arches of the Byzantine Empire. They built the Dome of Rock in Jerusalem (a great shrine covered with a dome). 
   2. Design - Because the Koran bans the worship of idols, religious arts were not allowed to portray god in any form. Arabesque design was used.
   3. Literature - Islamic literature was the Koran itself. Scholars read the Koran and published books explaining it. Firdawsi was a Persian poet who wrote in Arabic script. The most famous tale is The One Thousand And One Nights, narrated by the fictional princess Scheherezade. It includes topics like romances, adventures, and comedy.
   4. Mathematics - al-Khwarizmi recognized the study of algebra; he wrote a textbook that is now a standard math textbook in Europe.
   5. Astronomy - al-Khwarizmi also developed a set of astronomical tables based on Greek and Indian discoveries. The astronomers studied eclipses, observed the Earth�s rotation, and calculated the Earth�s circumference. The work of Muslim astronomers and navigators. helped pave the way for explorers like Christopher Columbus.
   6. Medicine - Muhammad al-Razi was appointed to find the best area for a hospital. He hung pieces of meat in every town and the place that the meat rotted the slowest he built a hospital. He wrote books on medicine, including a beginning study of smallpox and measles.
   7. Philosophy - in Cordoba, Ibn Rushd (A.K.A. Averro�s) put all knowledge to the test of reason. His writing on Aristotle were translated to Latin and influenced Christian scholars in Medieval Europe.
3. Ibn Sina � (A.K.A. Avicenna) was a Persian physician who wrote Canon on Medical. It was an encyclopedia of what he, the Greeks, and the Arabs learned about diagnosis and treatment of disease. The book had a list of 4,000 prescriptions made with materials from all around the world.
4. Astrolabe - an instrument developed by ancient Greeks and perfected by Arabs, to determine their latitude at sea.

 

Aim: How did the Muslim culture influence India? (Chp 11 Sec 4)

 

1. Delhi � The Sultan of Ghur defeated Hindu and made Delhi his capital in 711. From there, his successors organized the Delhi Sultanate. This marked the beginning of Muslim rule in northern India.

2. Why did Muslim invaders triumph? Arab armies conquered the Indus Valley but did not advance from there. Then about 300 years later Turkish converts to Islam invaded the rest of India. At first they were just adventurers but soon they began to defeat enemy Hindu forces across the northern part of India. The sultan of the Turkish converts, Ghur made Delhi his capital and he organized a sultanate which lasted from 1206 to 1526. This began the Muslim rule in India. They were able to conquer India because the Turkish mounted archers were faster and more skilled than the Hindus who rode upon elephants. Another reason is the Hindu princes wasted so much of their resources battling each other instead of uniting and fighting off the Turkish invaders together. Soon many Hindus also converted to Islam, especially those from the lower half of the caste system
3. How did the Muslim conquest impact India�s society. In the beginning the Hindus and Muslims lived peacefully in and around Delhi. There was trade between them and peace but soon after the Tamerlane invasion and the destruction of Delhi, there was no longer peace. Soon rival Hindu and Muslim states evolved and there was disaster. In time relations between the diversities became more peaceful. Eventually the Delhi sultans tolerated Hindus but they still had to pay taxes imposed in non-Muslim settlers and were treated as second class citizens. Soon there was cultural blending and Muslims absorbed elements of the Hindu culture. Then an Indian holy man named Nanak began to preach about unity and God and the end to all caste systems. His teachings led to a new religion called Sikhism. Later on the Sikhs clashed with the Mughal rulers of India
4. Compare and contrast Hinduism and Islam. Contrast � Hinduism was an ancient religion that had many sacred books; they all prayed to statues that represented their gods. Islam was a new religion that had only one book, the Koran. Islam was a monotheistic religion and saw the Hindu statues as an insult to one god. Hindus believed in different levels of caste and Brahmans were the priests. Islam believed that everyone was equal and there wasn�t a religious power. Hindus would celebrate religious occasion wit music and dancing; this was something strict Muslims thought was not right. Compare � Indian Muslims caught on to many things from Hindus, such as: marriage customs, and caste ideas. A new language was invented called Urdu. It was a mixture of Persian, Arabic and Hindu.
5. Sikhism � A holy Indian man, Nanak, wanted to blend Muslim monotheism and Hindu beliefs. What he taught soon became a new religion called Sikhism in northern India. Siks later clashed with Mughal India.
6. Mughal India � in 1526, Turkish and Mongols invaded India with their leader, Babur. He claimed he was a decent from the families of Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane. Babur invaded the Delhi sultanate and organized the Mughal dynasty (Mughal = Mongol on Persian).
7. Akbar � Babur�s grandson, continued the dynasty. He created a strong central government and therefore received the name �Akbar the great�. Akbar ruled with tolerance and was very fond of Hindus. He did many things to their benefit and married a Hindu princess. Akbar�s son, Jahangir, was a weaker ruler than Akbar. He put the government issues in the hands of his smart wife. When Mumtaz Mahal (the wife of Akbar�s grandson) died while giving birth, they built a tomb for her and they named it the Taj Mahal.  It is one of the greatest monuments of the Mughal Empire.

Aim: Why were the crusades known as a successful failure?

 

1. Crusades - a series of holy wars that started in 1096 by Christian Europe against Muslim lands in the Middle East. For the first time after the fall of Rome, Western Europeans were able to break of isolation and defend their lands. (Because they sewed crosses on their tunics - cruces in Latin - they became known as crusaders.)
2. Council of Clermont - Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope Urban II (in Rome) for help. In 1095, Alexius I asked Christian knights to help him fight the Turks. Although Roman Popes and Byzantine Emperors were longtime enemies, Urban agreed. At the Council of Clermont, Urban sent French and German bishops and nobles to action. Urban then called a crusade to free the holy land (Jerusalem).
3. Why did Europeans join the crusades? The Europeans joined the Crusades after The Byzantine emperor, Alexius I begged for help to fight against the Seljuk Turks. Soon they developed the urgency to make their way to the Holy Land and they sewed large crosses into their uniforms. They were called the Crusaders. The Christian Europeans wanted to control the Holy Land and they wanted to rid the Muslims from that region and they set off to do so. (*a. Some went for religious reasons, *b. Knights hoped to win wealth and land, *c. Some wanted to escape troubles at home, *d. Some looked for adventure)
4. What were three results of the crusades? Results of the Crusades were increased trade, feudal rulers, and a new Christian realization of the world. Returning crusaders introduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East to the large market. Merchants in Italy built fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land and those fleets were later used to open new markets in the crusader states. They also tried to increase the power of feudal monarchs. Rulers won new rights to levy taxes in order to support the crusaders.
5. What were the Pope�s motives for the crusades? The Pope�s motives were, *a. He hoped to increase his power in Europe, *b. He hoped to heal the split between the Roman and Byzantine, *c. Lands in the Middle East would be good for Europe�s growing population, *d. He hoped the Crusades would give Christians a chance to fight Muslims and not each other.
6. Saladin (Salah al-Din) � Muslim leader; in 1187, Saladin gained control of Jerusalem. On the third crusade, Europeans tried but failed to retake the holy city. After debate, Saladin reopened the city to Christian pilgrims.
7. Emperor Alexis � Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He formed an alliance with Pope Urban because he wanted to defeat the troublesome Seljuk Turks.
8. Constantinople � the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. The city was destroyed by the Crusaders.
9. �Holy Land� � Jerusalem, the destination of the Crusaders.
10. Pope Urban � the Pope at the time of the Crusades. He led his people by being a religious leader to them in Rome.
    
     

Aim: How were the late Middle Ages a time of great revival?

 

1. What did the appearance of new towns signify? The appearance of new towns was a symbol of the economic revival that began in Europe. This period called �The High Middle Ages�, lasted from 1000 to 1300. New technologies in the 800�s such as - iron plows replacing wooden plows, and fast horses pulling the plows rather than slow oxen - helped farmers produce more crops. Peasants also adopted the three-field -system to expand production. More crops meant a larger population = Europe�s population doubled.
2. What did population growth signify? As population grew, more unavailable goods were needed. As a result, trade began increasing. At first, traders and customers met at trade fairs. The customers for the luxurious merchandise were the feudal rulers, nobles, and wealthy churchmen. The fairs closed during the harsh weather. Merchants would wait out in a certain town and these places attracted artisans who made goods that the merchants could sell.
3. Thomas Aquinas � in his monumental work, Summa Theologica, he examined Christian teachings in the light of reason. He concluded that faith and reason existed in harmony and both led to the truth that God ruled over the universe.
4. Christine de Pizan � she was a woman who was an exception to the rest of the women, she received a good education. She was an Italian born woman who came to live in the French court. She was married at 15 but her husband died at a young age. She earned her living writing which was unusual for woman at the time.
5. Song of Roland � was a song of heroic deeds. This was the most popular song which praises courage of one of Charlemagne�s knights who died in a military campaign in Muslim Spain.
6. Poem of the Cid � one of Spain�s great epics that involved conflict with Islam.  The Cid was Rodrigo Diaz, a bold and fiery Christian lord who battled Muslims in Spain.
7. Dante � the author of the poem, Divine Comedy. Date Alighieri was a famous Italian poet and his poem takes the reader on an imaginary journey into hell where souls await forgiveness.
8. Chaucer � In The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer follows a band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket�s tomb.
9. scholasticism � a method used by Christian scholars to support their beliefs.
10. Discuss why the Church and the Christians had trouble adapting to new knowledge. The Christians had trouble acquiring new knowledge because most of the new knowledge did not agree with this knowledge. The Church and Christians accepted many ideas related to faith. Christian scholars tried to resolve the conflict between reason and faith by using a method called scholasticism. Scholastics studied the works of the Muslim philosopher Averroes and Jewish Rabbi Maimonides. They used logic to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.
11. Describe two vernacular writings. Song of Roland and the Divine Comedy were two vernacular writings. These writing were of the language of ordinary people of that time and the literature captured the essence of the High Middle Ages.

 

Aim: How were the late Middle Ages (High Middle Ages) a time of both great troubles? (Chp 9 Sec 5)

 

1. High Middle Ages � a period of economic revival in Europe that spanned from 1000 to 1300. During this time town flourished and the economy was at a strong point. Changes that happened during this period helped strengthen Western Europe greatly.
2. Bubonic Plague � bubonic plague � a global epidemic that was spread by fleas on rats. The bubonic plague was responsible for one of the most horrible illness outbreaks that resulted in 1 in 3 people dying of the plague.
3. Babylonian Captivity � the period of division within the Catholic Church that lasted for 70 years after Pope Clement V moved the papal court to France. This also referred to the time when the ancient Hebrews were held captive in Babylon.
4. John Wycliffe � an Oxford professor who challenged the rising corruption within the Church. He insisted that the Bible, not the Church was the source of all Christian truth. He translated the Bible into English so that regular people could read it, not only the clergy. His ideas were passed on and that led to a reform movement by Jan Hus.
5. Jan Hus � he led a call for a reform from the corrupted Church. In result to the Hus reform movement, Wycliffe and his followers were persecuted. Hus was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1415.
6. Hundred Years� War � a series of conflicts and war between France and England. The English rulers tried to hold on the land in France and the French kings had the intent to spread their own power. The English were in part victorious and that took a heavy toll on the French morale.
7. Joan of Arc � she claimed that God had sent her to save France and she convinced the desperate French to allow her to lead an army against England. She inspired the French to win and she was victorious in many battles. She paid for her success with her life when she was taken captive by English forces, tried for witchcraft, and burned at the stake.
8. Charles VII � The uncrowned King of France who allowed Joan of Arc to lead an army to war against England.
9. Black Death � was a result of many horrible things and also resulted in killing 1 of every 3 people which was more people dead then in any war in history. One effect of the plague was the amount of people that were killed in the process. Not only that but the fleas on the rats spread the disease so quickly and caused an uproar. Millions in Syria, Mesopotamia, China, Armenia, and Cairo were killed by the plague. Kurds escaped to the mountains out of fear for their wellbeing. Another effect was people started fearing that this plague was due to Gods wrath. Some people began to think that witchcraft would stop the disease. Christians also blamed Jews saying they had poisoned the wells. This hysteria resulted in the slaughter of thousands of Jews. The economy was also greatly affected by the plague. Employers died, production declined dramatically or halted completely, and survivors began demanding higher wages. But as the cost of labor soared so did prices and this resulted in inflation.
10. longbow and canon � weapons of common soldiers in the Hundred Years War.
11. Explain how the Black Death and the Hundred Years War contributed to the decline of feudalism. The Black Death and the Hundred Years War had a major impact on the monarchy and feudalism. Power slowly began to shift back to the kings and away from the hand of nobles and other high officials. This inevitably resulted in the end of feudalism in Europe.

 

Aim: How did the Renaissance period mark a significant change from the Middle Ages (Medieval Period)? (Chp 14 Sec 1, 2,)

 

1. Renaissance � a revival period that didn�t focus of the church like the Medieval Period. Renaissance art focused on humanist concerns and rarely focused on issues of religious thinkers that were so popular during the Middle Ages. Humanists believed that education should stimulate an individual�s creative powers. Humanists focused on ancient Greek and Roman schools of art. These ideas greatly flourished during the Italian Renaissance.
2. Lorenzo de� Medici � The Medici family became one of the most powerful banking families in Europe. Lorenzo�s grandfather gained control of the Florentine government in 1434. Lorenzo was also known as �the Magnificent�. Though he died in 1492, he represented the Renaissance ideal. He was a politician and a patron who held together Florence during difficult times. Under Lorenzo, poets and philosophers frequently visited the Medici palace.
3. Francisco Petrarch � lived from 1304 to 1374. He was an early Renaissance humanist and he hunted down and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts. Because of his efforts as well as efforts of others the poems and speeches of Cicero, Homer, Virgil, and Livy became known to Western Europe again. Petrarch also wrote Sonnets to Laura, love poems that were written in vernacular, and was usually inspired by women he knew only from a distance. He served as an inspiration for other writers of his time.
4. Leonardo da Vinci � one of the most brilliant painters and sculptors of his time who was born in 1452. He produced masterpieces and made sketches of nature and models in his studio. He also dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. His interests extended to botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering.
5. Michelangelo � he was a genius in sculptor, engineering, painting, architecture, and poetry. He shaped stone into masterpieces like the Piet�, which captures the sorrow of Mary as she cradles the dead Christ on her knees. The statue of David was also one of Michelangelo�s finest pieces.
6. Raphael � he studied the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo. His painting blended Christian and classical styles. One of his most famous works was School of Athens, which pictures an imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, and Averro�s. He is also best known for his portrayals of the Madonna, the mother of Christ.
7. Sofonisba Anguissola � an Italian noblewoman, who won fame as a portrait painter. One of her most famous works was The Artist�s Sisters Playing Chess and that earned her the invitation to become the court painter for King Philip II of Spain. Another famous work of art was Judith and the Maidservant.
8. Filippo Brunelleschi � for the cathedral in Florence he created a magnificent dome, which he modeled on the dome of the Parthenon in Rome.
9. Baldassare Castiglione � He wrote The Book of the Courtier. He believed in a well educated, well mannered aristocrat who was mastered in many fields. Castiglione�s ideal man was supposed to be athletic but not overactive, good at games but not a gambler, plays music and knows literature but is not arrogant. The ideal woman offers balance to men, she is graceful, kind, lively but reserved. She is beautiful because outer beauty is a sign of inner goodness.
10. Niccol� Machiavelli � he served Florence as a diplomat and observed kings and princes in foreign courts, He also studied ancient Roman history. In 1513 he published The Prince and he combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide for rulers on how to gain power. He also saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption and much of his work sparked great debate.

1. Filippo Brunelleschi � for the cathedral in Florence he created a magnificent dome, which he modeled on the dome of the Parthenon in Rome.
2. Jan and Hubert van Eyck � the van Eyck brothers who were two very talented Flemish artists in the 1400s. They developed oil paint and this was a new very popular development in Flemish art. They were famous for their portrayal of townspeople and their religious scenes that stood out because of the rich details that added a sense of reality to their art.
3. Albrecht D�rer � is sometimes known as the �German Leonardo�. He traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters. He returned home and passed on his knowledge in the arts. Through his work he helped spread the Italian Renaissance.
4. Pieter Bruegel � A leading Flemish artist of the 1500s. He used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life. His work also influenced later Flemish artists who painted scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes.
5. Peter Paul Rubens � a leading artist of the 1600s who created a larger style of Flemish painting. His work blended the realistic tradition of Flemish painters like Bruegel with the classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance. Rubens spoke six languages and was a successful painter as well as diplomat.
6. William Shakespeare � English poet and playwright. Between 1590 and 1613 he wrote 37 plays. Some of Shakespeare�s most famous plays include A Midsummer Night�s Dream, Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Also because of Shakespeare many new words appeared in the English language, over 1,700 new words.

11. Johann Gutenberg � in 1456 he printed a complete edition of the Bible using movable metal type. With the Gutenberg Bible, the European age of printing had begun.
12. patron � a financial supporter of the arts
13. Humanism � an intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance. It was based on the study of classical culture, humanism focused on worldly subjects rather on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers.
14. Perspective � making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer.
15. Sonnet � love poems
16. Northern Renaissance � The most famous people behind the Northern Renaissance were Erasmus, More, and Shakespeare.
17. The Prince � published by Niccol� Machiavelli in 1513. In this work he combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide for rulers on how to gain power.
18. Printing Press � new technology tat was invented German engravers in the 1400s. The printing press sprang up in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. The impact of the printing press was that more people became literate.
19. Compare the works and ideas of Erasmus and More. Desiderius Erasmus was a great Dutch humanist who used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament and an improved Latin translation of the same text. He also called for a translation of the Bible into the everyday language of the people. He also called for reforms in the Church. He challenged the worldliness of Church practices and urged a return to early Christian traditions. In his best known work, The Praise of Folly, he uses humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day, including the clergy. The English humanist, Sir Thomas More also used his writing to press for social and economic reform. In Utopia he describes and ideal society, where men and woman live in peace and harmony. In More�s Utopia private property does not exist, no one is idle and all are educated. More was an English judge who was later put to death when he refused to support King Henry VIII in a controversy with the pope.
20. Explain why the Renaissance began in Italy. Since Italy was the center of ancient Roman history, it was only natural for this reawakening to start there Architectural remains, antique statues, coins, and inscription were all visible reminders to Italians of the �glory that was Rome�. Another reason the Renaissance began in Ital was because Italy�s cities had survived the Middle Ages and city-states like Florence, Milan, Venice, and Genoa grew into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing. These city-states contributed to the cultural revival of the Renaissance. There was also a wealthy and powerful merchant class in those city-states that further promoted the cultural rebirth. Those merchants were experts in both political and economical leadership and their attitudes and interests helped shape the Italian Renaissance. They also stressed education and individual achievement as well as advancements in the arts.
21. Identify and discuss three ways in which the Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages. Three ways in which Renaissance art differed from that of the Middle Ages are: First Renaissance art reflected humanist concerns and they didn�t focus on religious themes like those artists of the Middle Ages. Secondly Renaissance art studied ancient Greek and Roman works and revived many classical forms. Thirdly Renaissance painters developed very realistic techniques for painting. They learned about the rules of perspective and they also used shading to make objects look round and real. They also studied human anatomy and drew from live models. This made it possible for them to portray the human body more accurately than medieval artists had done.
22. Identify the impact of the printing press on Europe. The impact of the printing revolution was that ideas of religious reformers spread faster and to a larger audience. One effect was books printed with movable type on rag paper were cheaper and easier to produce than hand-copied books. The second effect was that as more people gained access to books, more people learned how to read and write and they also gained a broader range of knowledge. Thirdly printing also influenced both religious and secular thoughts and with the printed books more people gained access to new ideas which greatly expanded their horizons.

 

Aim: How did the Protestant Reformation emerge in Europe? (Chp 14 Sec 3)

 

1. Protestant Reformation � a movement for reform of the Catholic Church that began in the 1500s. This movement for reform came in result to the abuses by the Catholic Church. The Catholic people grew angry and they began a movement that shattered the Christian unity in Europe.
2. Simony � the selling of church jobs
3. Sale of Indulgences � the sale of pardons for sins committed during a person�s lifetime. In the Middle Ages, the Church had granted indulgences only for good deeds, such as going on a crusade. Johann Tetzel was one official who sold indulgences. Many Protestant reformers such as Calvin and Luther greatly opposed the sale of indulgences by the Church.
4. Predestination � the idea that God had long ago determined who would
5. Theocracy � a government run by Church leaders.
6. Peace of Augsburg � was signed in 1555 and it allowed each prince of the Holy Roman Empire to decide which religion would be followed in his land, whether it was Catholic or Lutheran. Most northern German states chose Lutheranism and most of the southern states remained largely Catholic.
7. Salvation through faith � one of Luther�s beliefs that salvation can be achieved through faith in Christianity and God alone and not by purchasing indulgences.
8. Martin Luther � a German monk and professor of theology who triggered a full-scale revolt in 1517 after Church abuses continued. Luther was also responsible for writing up his 95 Theses, which was a list of arguments condemning the sale indulgences. When the Church tried to convince him to abandon his radical views he instead developed even more radical doctrines. In 1521 he was excommunicated by the pope and later he was ordered to give up his views on a reform church. But he did not and therefore he became known as an outlaw and it was illegal to aid him in any way. Luther�s beliefs were:
1. that salvation could be achieved through faith alone not by indulgences
2. only God could forgive sins
3. he declared that the bible was the sole source of religious truth.
4. Luther rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers. This meant that all people had equal access to God through faith and the Bible.
5. There should only be 2 sacraments not 7
6. The clergy can marry
7. Because a Pope isn�t mentioned in the bible� there shouldn�t be one
9. John Calvin � was born in France and trained as a priest and lawyer. In 1536, Calvin published the Institutes of the Christians Religion. Calvin also believed that salvation was obtained through faith alone and regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth. He also believed that God was all powerful and that humans were sinful by nature and God alone would decide whether an individual achieved eternal life. Calvin preached about predestination and that the world was divided into two kinds of people, saints and sinners.
10. Johann Tetzel � a German priest who set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenberg. With the approval of the Pope he sold indulgences to Christians who contributed money for the new Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. He claimed the purchase of the indulgences would assure entrance into heaven.
11. Charles V � in 1521 he was the new Holy Roman Emperor. He summoned Luther to an assembly of German princes at Worms where Luther was expected to defend his beliefs. Charles then simply asked him to give up his beliefs but when Luther refused Charles declared Luther an outlaw.
12. Prince Frederick � the prince of Saxony hid Luther in a castle in Wartburg while Luther was declared an outlaw.
13. Huguenot � French Calvinists who fought against Catholics in the 1500s in France.
14. John Knox � a Calvinist preacher in Scotland who led a religious rebellion. He declared that the �right religion takes neither its origin nor authority from worldly princes, but from the eternal God alone.� Under Knox, Scottish Protestants overthrew their Catholic Queen and then they set up a Scottish Presbyterian Church.
15. Compare and Contrast the beliefs of Luther and Calvin.

Luther�s beliefs were:

1. that salvation could be achieved through faith alone not by indulgences
2. only God could forgive sins
3. he declared that the bible was the sole source of religious truth.
4. Luther rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers. This meant that all people had equal access to God through faith and the Bible.
5. There should only be 2 sacraments not 7
6. The clergy can marry
7. Because a Pope isn�t mentioned in the bible� there shouldn�t be one

Calvin believed that:

a.�� Salvation was gained through faith alone

2. The bible was the only source of religious truth
3. God was all-powerful and humans were sinful by nature
4. God decided who received eternal life
5. Predestination � this states that god decided a long  time ago who would achieve salvation

The differences in their beliefs were:

a.       God was all-powerful and humans were sinful by nature

b.      God decided who received eternal life

c.       Predestination - this states that god decided a long time ago who would achieve salvation

d.      The world is divided into two types of people. There were sinners and there were saints. Calvinists� goal was to live like saints. They believed that only the saved ones could live a true life.

 

Aim: How did the Protestant Reformation impact World History? (Chp 14 Sec 4)

 

1. Anabaptists � were sects part of the Protestant Reformation. Their ideas were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin. These groups were against infant baptism and believed that only adults could understand what it meant to be part of the Christian faith. They also demanded social changes which included abolition of private property. But most Anabaptists were peaceful and they called for religious tolerance.
2. Annul � to cancel a marriage
3. Index � a list of banned books for Catholics that were either irreligious or immoral or any book that challenged Church ideas.
4. Jesuits � a new religious order that was recognized in 1540. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola, and members of this society were determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
5. Inquisition � to deal with the Protestant threat Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition. The Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to stamp out heresy. It also prepared an Index of Forbidden Books, which included books that were too immoral and irreligious like works from Luther and Calvin.
6. Catholic Reformation � the leader of this reform was Pope Paul III. During the 1530s and 1540s he set out to revive the moral authority of the Church.
7. Council of Trent � in order to establish a direct reform the pope called for the Council of Trent in 1545. This council took steps to end the abuses in the Church.
8. Ignatius of Loyola � founder of the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus. Ignatius was a Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition. His military career ended abruptly when his leg was shattered in battle. During his recovery, he found comfort in reading about Christian saints who has overcome mental and physical torture. He then decided to become a �soldier of God.� He drew up a strict program for the Jesuits. It included spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training, and absolute obedience to the Church. Led by Ignatius the Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend the spread of the Catholic faith throughout the world.
9. Anglican Church � the Church of England that was under the control of Henry VIII and he named Thomas Cranmer as archbishop. Henry secured support for the Anglican Church by offering many aristocrats and other high officials a share of gains of the land that he conquered from the monasteries.
10. Act of Supremacy � one of the most notable laws that were passed by Henry through Parliament. This law was passed in 1534 made Henry the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.
11. Henry VIII - he wanted to end the papal control over the English church. He stood firmly against the Protestant revolt and the pope awarded him the title �Defender of the Faith� after he denounced Luther. But because Henry did not have a male child he wanted to remarry but the pope would not annul the marriage. This angered Henry greatly and he began to denounce the Pope and his control over the English church.
12. Mary Tudor � the only living child of Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon. She inherited the throne after her half brother Edward VI died. She was determined to make England Catholic again and even though she did not succeed, hundreds of Protestants died at the stake due to her efforts.
13. Book of Common Prayer � was composed by Thomas Cranmer. It imposed a moderate form of Protestant service but preserved many Catholic doctrines.
14. Elizabeth I � The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She was imprisoned by her half sister, Mary Tudor because Mary was the unpopular Catholic leader and Elizabeth was popular with the people and a Protestant. In 1558 she became queen after Mary died. Under her rule English replaced Latin and she was more tolerant to both Protestants and Catholics.
15. St. Teresa of Avila � she symbolized a religious renewal. She was a daughter of a Spanish noble family and entered a Carmelite convent in her youth. She set up her own order of Carmelite nuns who dedicated themselves to meditation and prayer. She was widely honored for her work long after her death and the Church made her a saint.
16. Locate the areas of Catholics and Protestant groups on a map of Europe. Europe was divided into Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist religions. England was mainly Anglican, most of Spain, Ireland, Scotland, France, Italy, Poland and parts of Russia were mostly Roman Catholic. Small areas in France, Scotland and Geneva were inhabited by minorities of Calvinists while larger areas in Hungary, Lithuania and Russia (all close to Russia on the map) had larger numbers of Calvinists. The Holy Roman Empire was mainly split between Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Anabaptists. Northern areas of Russia, Denmark and Norway (located in the north, above Russia) were mainly Lutheran.
17. Explain why Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church. In the beginning Henry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt. The Pope even awarded him the title �Defender of the Faith: for a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther. But in 1527 and issue arose that set Henry against the Catholic Church. After 18 years of marriage Henry and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had only one surviving girl and no son to carry on his name and his kingdom. He wanted to remarry in hopes of having a son with another woman. Since he knew the Church would not allow a divorce he asked the Pope for an annulment. Since the Pope did not want to anger the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V who was Catherine of Aragon�s nephew. Henry was furious and he was soon able to take over the Church and appointed Thomas Cranmer as archbishop.
18. Discuss how the Catholic Church reacted to the spread of Protestantism. As the Protestant Reformation swept across northern Europe, the Catholic Church countered the movement with the Catholic Reformation. The leader of this movement was Pope Paul III. He set out to revive the moral authority of the Church by calling a meeting at the Council of Trent that lasted almost 20 years. The goals of the Catholic Reformation were bring together the Catholic south and Protestant north, to fight heresy, spread the Catholic faith, and revive moral authority. The Council of Trent made the following changes:
1. stopped the sale of indulgences
2. banned worldliness of the clergy (the clergy now had to live a frugal life instead of living a lavish luxurious life)
3. banned simony and nepotism
4. the council introduced an index
5. Reinstituted an Inquisition
6. Set up a society of Jesuits (missionaries)
7. Counter Reformation � changed the Catholic Church in a positive way because the Church removed a lot of its abuses
8. Educated the clergy and set up schools for them
19. Discuss the various impacts/effects if the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation pressured the Catholic Church to end its abuses which was what Luther and Calvin were aiming for. One result of the Protestant Reformation was the conversion of England that was brought on by Elizabeth I. As a Protestant she helped unify England as one Protestant country.

 

Aim: How did China experience a Gold Age under the Tang and Song Dynasties? (Chp 13 Sec 1)

 

1.      Tributary stare � while the state would remain independent, their rulers had to acknowledge Chinese supremacy and send regular tribute to the Tang emperor. During the rule of the Tang dynasty Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea were enforced by Chinese armies and become tributary states.

2.      Grand Canal � the largest system of canals that was built under the Tang dynasty. This canal increased internal trade and transportation. This dynasty linked the Huang He and Yangzi rivers. At that time the Grand Canal was the longest waterway ever dug by human labor.

3.      Zhao Kuangyin � a scholarly general who reunited much of China and also founded the Song dynasty after the fall of the Tang.

4.      Tang Taizong � otherwise known as Li Shimin. He compelled his father to step down and he took the thrown as well as the name Tang Taizong. He was a general, government reformer, famous historian and the master of the calligraphy brush. He became the most admired Chinese emperors.

5.      Sui Wendi � he was the emperor of the Sui dynasty and he re-conquered most of the Han territory. He also reunited the north and the south of the dynasty.

6.      Pagoda � a multistoried temple with eaves that curved up the corners

7.      Porcelain � a shinny, hard pottery that was prized as the finest in the world. The Chinese perfected skills in making porcelain and they developed beautiful chinaware.

8.      Wu Zhao � a Tang Empress who restored the uniform government of the Han dynasty, throughout China.

9.      Li Bo � one of the greatest Tang poets. He was a lover of life and freedom and he spent most of his life moving from place to place. He wrote about 2,000 poems celebrating harmony with nature or lamenting the passage of time.

10.  Describe the social structure of China under the Tang and Song. Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well ordered society. Towns and cities acquired vast wealth and Chinese trade flourished.� The courts were filled with aristocratic families and it stood at the center of a huge bureaucracy. Women also received, what seemed to be higher status during the Tang and Song dynasties. But later in the Song dynasty the idea of foot-binding emerged and the status of women declined. There were also many achievements in arts during these dynasties. The used calligraphy, along with poetry, and they sought balance and harmony through the mastery of simple strokes and lines. They used a Daoist influence and they sought to capture the spiritual essence of the natural world.

11.  Identify and describe the various achievements of the Tang and Song.

 

Aim: How did the Scientific Revolution challenge the accepted beliefs regarding scientific knowledge? (Chp 14 Sec 5)

 

1. Geocentric � the Earth was the center of the universe
2. Heliocentric � sun-centered model of the universe that was introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus
3. Scientific Method � This scientific method began with observation and experimentation. Complex mathematical calculations were used to convert the observations and experiments into scientific laws.
4. Gravity � a single force that keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun. This theory was perfected by Newton using mathematics.
5. Nicolaus Copernicus � Polish scholar who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543. In his book he proposed the theory that put the sun at the center of the universe. It was called the heliocentric theory.
6. Tycho Brahe � Danish astronomer and he provided evidence that supported Copernicus�s theory. He set up an astronomical observatory and he observed the sky and collected information.
7. Johannes Kepler � Brahe�s assistant and a German astronomer. He used Brahe�s information to formulate the laws which describe how the planets revolve around the sun. These calculations supported the heliocentric view that Copernicus came up with.
8. Galileo Galilei � Italian, perfected one of the first telescopes, confirmed the theory of Copernicus, and formulated the laws of falling bodies. He used a lens grinder to assemble an astronomical telescope. He was then able to observe mountains on the moon and sunspots. He observed how four moons revolve around Jupiter (he proved Copernicus�s theory). Galilei was attacked because what he studied was against ancient teachings such as a non-moving heaven. Galilei swore that the heaven was fixed and non-moving.
9. Andreas Vesalius � pioneer work in anatomy based on the dissection of human bodies.
10. William Harvey � discovered blood circulates in the human body to and from the heart. He showed how the heart is like a pump that forces blood through the veins and arteries.
11. Ren� Descartes � declared that mathematics, using the scientific method, can solve all secrets of nature; as proof, he founded analytic geometry and enriched other fields of knowledge. Said, �I think therefore I am.� He rejected Aristotle�s scientific statements. He dared the educated traditions of the medieval universities that wanted to make the physical world fit in with the teachings of the Church.
12. Robert Boyle � in the 1600s he set apart individual elements and chemical compounds. He explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases. Boyle�s work opened the way to modern chemical analysis of the composition matter.
13. Isaac Newton � he discovered the idea that gravity held the planets around the sun�s orbit. In 1687, he published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. It explained the law of gravity and other workings of the universe.
14. Francis Bacon � an Englishman who worked with Ren� Descartes. He stressed experiment and observation. He wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies.
15. Identify and explain the Scientific Method. By the 1600s, a new approach to science had emerged. Though this approach to science was not influenced by Aristotle or Ptolemy or even the Bible but instead by observation and experimentation. Complex mathematical calculations were used to prove theories of many well know scientists. The major theme of the scientific method was that experimentation and observation were needed to figure out the mysteries of the universe and not the bible.
16. Explain how the new Scientific Method differed from the �old� knowledge of science. Until the mid-1500s, European scholars accepted the idea of the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy that the Earth was the center of the universe. They accepted this view because it seemed to agree with common sense. Much of the �old� knowledge also followed Church teachings which believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. The new Scientific Method was based on observation and experimentation and not just common sense. This led Nicolaus Copernicus to propose the heliocentric theory, which he proved with many mathematical calculations. The Scientific Method:

1. State the problem
2. Gather information on the problem
3. Form a hypothesis or educated guess
4. Experiment to test the hypothesis
5. Record and analyze data
6. State a conclusion
7. Repeat the steps

17. Identify and describe the ideas of the new scientists. Many of the new scientists focused on proving the old theories of the Church wrong. And many of them did. Others approached the idea of discovering more about the human body. Some of their information is still used today. Most of the scientific accomplishments were in Chemistry and medicine.
18. Discuss how scholars and Church officials respond to the new Scientific Method. Church officials did not accept the new Scientific Method nor did they accept the developing theories. Scholars opposed the new Scientific Method because much of the new knowledge contradicted ancient views about the world. The Church condemned those who supported the new Scientific Method because their ideas challenged Christian teachings that the heavens were fixed, unmoving, and perfect. For example, in 1633 Galileo was brought to trial before the Inquisition and threatened with death unless he withdrew his �heresies.� In front of the court Galileo agreed that the Earth stood motionless at the center of the universe even though it contradicted with much of his observations and experimentations.

 

Aim: How and why did some European nations begin exploration in the late 1400s and early 1500s? (Chp 15 Sec 1)

 

1. Astrolable � European sailors learned to use an astrolabe which is an instrument developed by the ancient Greeks and perfected by the Arabs, to determine their latitude at sea.
2. Sextant � Device for determining the altitude of the sum or stars. By comparing this altitude at different degrees of latitude, the navigator could find the latitude of the ship. At the time the sextant was an improvement over the astrolable because the movements of the ship did not affect the reading so much and the user did not have to look directly into the sun.
3. Cartography � mapmakers, they created more accurate maps and sea charts.
4. Caravel � was developed by the Portuguese, it combined the square sails of European ships with Arab lateen, or triangular sails. Caravels also adapted the sternpost rudder and numerous masts of Chinese ships. This made it easier to sail even into wind.
5. Circumnavigate � people who have sailed around the world.
6. Joint Stock Company � developed during late medieval times. It allowed people to pool large amounts of capital needed for overseas ventures. For example 5 people would pool together their money in order to fund a voyage to the East Indies. There they would trade for spices and when they return to Europe they would sell the spices. After selling the spices, what ever profits were made would be split between the 5 investors.
7. Treaty Tordesillas � Pope Alexander VI had set a line between Portugal and Spain in order to keep the peace because they had both fought over the land he discovered. This treaty moved the Line of Demarcation.
8. Prince Henry the Navigator � he began a crusading drive for exploration because he had heard stories of a ruler, Prester John of Africa. He had hoped to form and alliance with against the Muslims with Prester John. He began a major exploration of the coast of Africa and even after his death in 1460 the Portuguese continued their quest.
9. Vasco de Gama � in 1497 he led 4 ships around the Cape of Good Hope. He then took on an Indian guide who after a ten month journey guided him to the port of Calicut on the west coast of India. But even after losing over half his fleet in the last voyage, in 1502 he acquired a new fleet and then forced a treaty of friendship on the Hindu ruler of Calicut. He also profited greatly from selling the spices that he returned from India.
10. Christopher Columbus � He was an Italian navigator and he tried to get the Portuguese to back his plan in reaching the Indies. In 1492 he convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to finance his exploration. On August 3, 1492 Columbus sailed 3 ships, the Pinta, the Ni�a, and the Santa Mar�a. On October 12, the tiny fleet landed in the Caribbean Sea close to the Bahamas. His expedition and discovery led to the Spanish conquer and control over the Americas.
11. Vasco Nu�ez de Balboa � in 1513, the Spanish adventurer made a passage through the tropical forests of Panama with the help of Native Americans. He discovered the Pacific Ocean and named it the South Sea.
12. Ferdinand Magellan � he renamed the South Sea, Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean). He was a young Portuguese noble. In 1511 he sailed around Africa to the East Indies and joined Afonso de Albuquerque in an attack on Malacca. He attempted to find El Paso (a sea route through the Americas to the Indies) and convinced King Charles of Spain to fund his expedition after a falling out with the King of Portugal. On September 20, 1519 his ship sailed from Spain. There were many problems on his journey, bad weather and traitors on the ship. Magellan then charted a tortuous path known as the Strait of Magellan. In 1521 Magellan finally crossed the Pacific Ocean and the fleet anchored off the coast of the Philippines. He converted many Filipinos to Christianity but died fighting his enemies because of his involvement in local politics.
13. Explain what enables the Europeans to explore the world. Their power and money as well as their curiosity. They also wanted to find easier routes to the Indies in order to make trading spices an easier and quicker routine. They also had indispensable resources like money and support that came from the King and Queen. Other European explorers were sent to find and conquer more land for their King. Like the discovery of the Americas which led to a power struggle between Portugal and Spain.
14. Discuss the various motives for European exploration. Some explorers came searching for spices or like in Christopher Columbus�s case, set out in search of an easier route to the Indies. Many European countries set out explorers in search of more riches, like spices from other countries. Other countries tried to expand their kingdom and that resulted in major power struggles in the Americas and also resulted in the Native American civilization being wiped out. Other explorers just wanted to explore and see all the wonders of the world.

 

Aim: How did Latin Americans live prior to the arrival of the Europeans? (Chp 7 Sec 1, 2)

 

1. Mayans � they were influenced by the Olmecs. Their cities flourished from the Yucat�n in southern Mexico through much of Central America. Mayan farmers cleared dense rain forests and then built raised fields that caught and held water. They had many towering pyramids and temples in the main city of Tikal. Priests would climb step temple stairs to perform sacrifices and the Mayan people watched below. Each Mayan city had its own ruling chief. He was surrounded by nobles who served as military leaders and officials who managed public works, collected taxes, and enforced laws. Priests also held great power because they could conduct the sacrifices to the Mayan gods. But most Mayans were farmers. Around 900 A.D. the Mayas abandoned their cities, leaving the temples behind and their cities became the �lost cities.�
2. Aztecs � were the Native Americans of Middle America. They evolved into a complex system of religious beliefs, which included the belief that one day the world would come to a fiery end. According to the Legend of the Five Suns the Aztec believed that the universe had been created and destroyed four times in the past. The people living under the First Sun had been destroyed by jaguars. People under the Second Sun were swept away by wind. People under the Third Sun perished in the fire and ash of volcanoes while those living under the Fourth Sun had been swallowed by water. The Fifth Sun represented the time of the Aztec empire. Despite this sense of impending doom, the Aztecs were able to create a remarkable civilization. They built on the achievements of the earlier people.
3. Incas � they lived in a strictly regulated environment. They lived in close-knit communities called ayllus. Leaders of each ayllu carried out government orders, assigning jobs to each family and organizing the community to work the land. The Incas were polytheistic and worshiped many gods linked to the forces of nature.
4. Andes Mountains � The Incan Empire settled in these mountains, which are located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. These snow-capped mountains rise steeply, leveling off into high plateaus. East of the Andes, lie dense jungles that stretch from Peru into Brazil.
5. Amazon Rainforest � Located in South America and the Incan Empire was to the west of the rainforest. The ancient people of early civilizations settled here, closer to the Equator because the climate was hot and wet.
6. Tenochtitlan � A magnificent Aztec city that was discovered by the Spanish explorers and Hernan Cort�s. It was described as a city of wonders and was also the center of a well ordered empire.
7. Tribute � payment from conquered Native American groups helped the Aztecs turn their capital into a magnificent city.
8. Machu Picchu � an Incan city that is known as the �Lost City� of the Andes. The city was abandoned for over 300 years and the ruins of the city were not discovered until 1911.
9. Quipu � In the Incan government, specially trained officials kept record on a quipu, which is a collection of knotted, colored strings. Modern scholars think that quipus noted dates and events as well as statistics on population and crops.
10. Discuss how the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas organized their society. The Mayans organized their society with strict social classes that consisted of a ruling chief, nobles, military leaders, priests, and farmers. The military leaders collected taxes and enforced the laws of city which kept the society organized. The Incas lived in a strictly regulated environment and close-knit communities called ayllus. Leaders of each ayllu carried out government orders, assigning jobs to each family and organizing the community to work the land. The Aztecs had a single ruler, who was chosen by a council of nobles and priests to lead in war. Below the emperor nobles, judges, and governors conquered provinces. Then came the warriors who could rise to noble status if they captured a great enemy. The majority of people were common farmers. At the bottom of the social ladder were the slaves who were mostly criminal prisoners of war.
11. Describe the achievements and elements of civilizations that each of the early Latin American empires created. The Mayans were responsible for creating magnificent buildings and carvings. But they also made great advances in learning as the developed a hieroglyphic system. Mayan scribes kept their sacred knowledge in books made of bark. Mayan priests also became expert mathematicians and astronomers. They developed an accurate 365-day calendar and a 260-day calendar based on the orbit of the planet Venus. The Aztecs developed many herbs and other medicines to treat fevers and wounds. Aztec physicians even set broken bones and treated dental cavities. They also prescribed steam baths as cures for various illnesses, which is still popular therapy today. The Incas were not as advanced in astronomy as the Mayas but they were able to develop a calendar. They also excelled in medicine, for example they used herbs as antiseptics and performed surgery on the skull to relieve swelling caused by wounds.

 

Aim: How did European nations treat Latin American in the Age of Exploration? (Chp 16, Sec 1, 2)

 

1. �Latin� America � Central and South America was known by this name
2. Conquistadors � The conquistadors wanted to conquer land and expand the Spanish empire. Many of them like Francisco Pizarro and his followers wanted to conquer and get rich so they took the Incan emperor for ransom then killed him. But they still collected a handsome ransom. Other conquistadors came and began to convert the Indians to Christians and take them as their slaves. Hernan Cort�s came to conquer and spread the Spanish empire across Mexico and Central America.

1. Viceroy � representatives who ruled the Spanish provinces in the name of the king.
2. Plantation � large estates run by an owner or the owner�s overseer. Sugar cane quickly became a profitable source and needed to be grown on a plantation.
3. Encomienda � the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans was granted to conquistadors by Spanish monarchs. The conquistadors used this system to enslave Native Americans under the most brutal condition.
4. Peon � Native American workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt.
5. Peninsulares � people born in Spain and were at the top of the colonial society. They filled the highest positions in both the Colonial governments and Catholic Church.
6. Creoles � American-born descendants of Spanish settlers, they came next in the social ladder. The owned most of the plantation, ranches, and mines.
7. Mestizos � People of Native American and European descent
8. Mulattoes � people of African and European descent

3. Smallpox � disease brought from Europe into �Latin� America. This disease was responsible for the deaths of many and it greatly weakened the Native American civilizations because they were not vaccinated against this disease.
4. Hernan Cort�s � he was an early conquistador who landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519 with about 600 men and 16 horses and canons. With the help of his translator, Malinche, he was able to form alliances with minor Native American groups who were being oppressed by the Aztecs. Then he led his fellow Spaniards to battle against the Aztec emperor. In 1521, he finally captured the Aztec city of Tenochtitl�n. Hernan Cort�s�s success inspired other adventurers.
5. Council of the Indies � to achieve the goal of maintaining a strict control over this new empire, the king set up the Council of the Indies to pass laws for the five provinces and colonies. The council closely monitored viceroys (colonial officials) and audiencias (lesser member of the advisory council) to make sure they did not overstep their bounds.
6. Bartolom� de las Casas � he was a bold priest who condemned the evils of the encomienda system. He vividly reported to Spain in detailed reports of the horrors that the Spanish rule brought to the Native Americans. He pleaded with the king to end the abuse and finally after being pressured by Las Casas Spain passes the New Laws of the Indies in 1542. These laws forbid the enslavement of Native Americans and they were meant to end the ongoing abuse. Las Casas also urged colonists to import African workers. This began the brutal African slave trade and Las Casas quickly regretted his advice.
7. New Laws of the Indies � after being pressured by Las Casas Spain passes the New Laws of the Indies in 1542. These laws forbid the enslavement of Native Americans and they were meant to end the ongoing abuse.
8. Sor Juana In�s de la Cruz � she was refused admission to the University of Mexico because she was a girl and when she was 16 she entered a convent. She then devoted herself to writing poetry and she earned the reputation as one of the greatest lyric poets ever to write in the Spanish language.
9. Ta�nos � were people that Christopher Columbus encountered in the Caribbean. They lived in villages and grew corn, yams, and cotton. They were also friendly and generous towards the Spanish. But as more conquistadors invaded the land in the wake of Columbus, they began to enslave the Ta�nos and forced them to convert to Christianity.
10. Malinche � a young Indian woman who served as a translator and advisor to Hernan Cort�s. The Spanish called her Do�a Marina. She knew both Mayan and Aztec and learned Spanish as well. She helped Hernan Cort�s form alliances with the oppressed Indians who despised the Aztecs.
11. Moctezuma � the Aztec emperor. He sent gifts of gold, silver, and precious stones to Cort�s but also urged him not to continue towards the city. After the Spaniards arrived, relations between them and the Aztecs because strained and battle broke out. Moctezuma was killed during the battle while the Aztecs drove the Spaniards out of the city.
12. Francisco Pizarro � he arrived in Peru in 1532 just after the Incan ruler Atahualpa won the throne from his brother in a bloody civil war. He was helped by Indian allies and captured Atahualpa after slaughtering thousands of his followers. The Spanish then demanded a high ransom for the Incan ruler and after the ransom was paid they killed their ruler anyway.
13. Atahualpa � An Incan ruler who had gained power a little before 1532 after he had won the throne from his brother in a bloody civil war. He was captured by Pizarro and the Spanish and then put up for ransom. After the ransom was paid he was killed by the Spanish.
14. Describe how the Spanish treated the Native Americans. The Native Americans were greatly mistreated by the Spanish. For example the encomienda which was the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans, was granted to conquistadors by Spanish monarchs. The conquistadors used this system to enslave Native Americans under the most brutal condition. The government did nothing about the situation until it was brought to their attention by Bartolom� de las Casas. He was a bold priest who condemned the evils of the encomienda system. He vividly reported to Spain in detailed reports of the horrors that the Spanish rule brought to the Native Americans. He pleaded with the king to end the abuse and finally after being pressured by Las Casas Spain passes the New Laws of the Indies in 1542. These laws forbid the enslavement of Native Americans and they were meant to end the ongoing abuse. Las Casas also urged colonists to import African workers. This began the brutal African slave trade and Las Casas quickly regretted his advice.
15. Explain why the Spanish succeeded in conquering and destroying the Aztec and Incan empires. The division and discontent among the Indians greatly aided the Spanish. The mighty Aztecs and Incas forged their empires and built a strong alliance while Spanish conquistadors like Hernan Cort�s tried to manipulate alliances with the oppressed Indian empires. These allies were a great advantage and helped the Spanish in battle against the Aztec and Incan empires. The Spanish found weaknesses within the empires and were able to work to make that weakness an advantage for them. Because of these strategic methods the Spanish were able to conquer a great empire and this led to the fall of those mighty empires. Other reasons for the fall of the Aztec and Incan empires were because of the advanced Spanish military technology as well as diseases. The Spanish had superior military technology and their horses frightened the Indians. They had muskets and cannons, which were weapons of fire and destruction. They terrorized the Indians with their weapons and their armor protected them from the Indians� arrows and spears. Europeans also brought disease from Europe and that weakened the Aztecs and Incas. Because the Indians were not ready for this new wave of disease they quickly died while the Spanish were immune to all those diseases they were not weakened at all. The Indians also began to believe that their gods had deserted them and that this attack of the Spanish marked the end of the world. So they soon began to give up because they felt there was no longer any hope.
16. Describe the economic and social system the Spanish established in Latin America. The social system began with viceroys who were representatives who ruled the Spanish provinces in the name of the king. Peninsulares were people born in Spain and were at the top of the colonial society. They filled the highest positions in both the Colonial governments and Catholic Church. Then there were the creoles who were American-born descendants of Spanish settlers. They owned most of the plantation, ranches, and mines. Then came the mestizos, who were people of Native American and European descent. The came mulattoes who were people of African and European descent and peons who were Native American workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt.

 

Aim: How did Africans live prior to the arrival of the Europeans? (Chp 12 Sec 1, 2, 3, 4)

 

1. Sahara Desert � located in North Africa just below the Atlas Mountains and it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Red Sea. Around 2500 B.C. the climate in the Sahara slowly changed and the process of desertification took over, destroying thousand of acres of crops and fertile land.
2. Savanna � Africa�s largest and most populated climate zone. Savannas are grassy plains, they generally have good soil and enough rainfall to support farming but irregular patterns of rainfall sometimes causes long deadly droughts.
3. Desertification � the process in which the dry land causes erosion in the land that results in the destruction of thousands of acres of crops.
4. Oral history � traditions that date back many centuries in West African history. In this tradition griots would recite ancient African history in form of riddles. In this way they preserved both history and traditional folk tales by word of mouth.
5. Griot � professional poets who recited ancient stories for many centuries in West Africa.
6. Bantu � the African root language. Soon the language changed because of immigrants from Asia. This resulted in a variety of languages in West Africa but they all basically began with Bantu.
7. Ghana � Between 700 and 1067, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose into power and controlled the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade. But what led to this trade was that Arab traders of that region sought after gold and the Wangara wanted salt. Both traders had to pass through the Ghana to trade; since Ghana controlled the land and had strong military forces therefore they were able to continue with safe trade for both the Arabs and Wangara. Ghana basically controlled that entire trade route and they had an essential connection to the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade. The ancient Ghana had an extremely complex empire. They had wealth based in trade, sufficient food to feed its people, income derived from taxes, social organization that ensured justice and efficient political control, a strong army equipped with advanced weapons, and a foreign policy that led to peace and cooperation with other people.
8. Mali � Arab version of the Mandinke word meaning �where the king dwells.� Was an enormous empire led by Mansa Musa who came to the throne in about 1312. The city�s system of justice was based on the Koran.
9. Songhai � a new West African kingdom that emerged around 1450 and Gao was the wealthy capital. Between 1464 and 1492 the soldier king, Sonni Ali used his powerful army to forge the largest state that had ever existed in West Africa.
10. Great Zimbabwe � massive stone ruins, looming walls, a great palace, and cone-shaped towers testify to the powerful and prosperous capital of a great inland empire. Today these ruins are known as Great Zimbabwe which means �great stone buildings.� Archaeologists found proof that Great Zimbabwe was once part of a trade network that reached across the Indian Ocean. What is also known is that Great Zimbabwe was ruled by a god-king who presided over a large court. A central bureaucracy also ruled an inner ring of provinces, while appointed governors had authority in more distant villages.
11. Swahili � because of the rich mixture of cultures, Swahili was developed. Swahili fused many Arabic words onto a Bantu base and was written in Arabic script.
12. Timbuktu � The city of Timbuktu impressed the writer of this excerpt, Leo Africanus. He describes the city as a place of many doctors, priests, judges, and other well educated men that are well paid by the king. Timbuktu is also described as a place of trading, where various manuscripts and written books are sold for money and other merchandise. From this there can be an assumption that the people of Timbuktu valued education and knowledge.
13. Mansa Musa � Mansa Musa expanded the Mali Empire to twice the size of the Ghana Empire. There was no official of the Mali court who did not receive a sum of gold for himself. From this there is an assumption that Mansa Musa and his empire lived a fairly lavish lifestyle and gold was something that they did not lack. During Musa�s 25-year reign he converted to Islam, expanded Mali�s borders westward, and he worked to ensure peace and order in his empire. Musa also based his empire and system of justice on the Koran. But he did not adapt all the customs and laws that were associated with the Islamic religion.
14. Ibn Batutta � Ibn Battuta traveled in Mali in 1352 and described the kingdom in Travels to Kingdom of Mali. He was impressed with the �� complete security in their country.� The way there are seldom any unjust crimes and even the sultans show no mercy to those guilty of injustice.
15. Identify the geography of Africa. Africa is the second largest continent in the world, stretching more than 5,000 miles from north to south and the continent has widely varied terrains and climates. North Africa is where the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara Desert are located. The north is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Red Sea to the west. Areas of East Africa are inhabited by rainforest while the rest of Africa is generally savanna.
16. Discuss the achievements of early African empires. The early empires were able to establish magnificent civilizations in generally West Africa. For example, the Ghana justice system and control of the trans-Saharan gold and salt trade. Ghana was able to control the trade and his strong military forces guaranteed safe trade between the Arabs and Wangara. The ancient Ghana also had an extremely complex empire. They had wealth based in trade, sufficient food to feed its people, income derived from taxes, social organization that ensured justice and efficient political control, a strong army equipped with advanced weapons, and a foreign policy that led to peace and cooperation with other people. The Mali empire was another great empire. Their leader Mansa Musa led them to great wealth. He also organized his government and the Mali empire and a strong security and justice system.
17. Discuss the trade networks in Africa. The sea routes connected coastal cities in East Africa to Arabia, India and up the Red Sea to Egypt. This sea route would have connected India�s coastal town of Calicut to the Arabian coastal towns of Muscat and Aden up the Red Sea to Egypt and from there to the African coastal towns of Aksum, Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Mombasa. Products such as gold and salt were brought for trade from West Africa to the coast of Africa through land routes. From Kilwa the sea trade continued along the African coast to Egypt, Arabia, and India. From there trade most likely continued eastward, making Africa the center of the trading world.

 

Aim: How did European nations treat Africans in the Age of Exploration? (Chp 16 Sec 4)

 

1. Trading Triangle � Europe gave Africa guns and manufactured goods, Africa gave the New world slaves that worked on plantations, and the New World gave Europe crops such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, and rum.

����������������������������������������������� Europe

New World ������������� ��� �

 

� Africa

2. Slave Trade � The Atlantic slave trade began in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain�s American empire. In 300 years it grew to be a profitable business and each year traders shipped hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to work on plantations.
3. Middle Passage � part of a three-legged trade network that sent raw materials from the Americas to Europe, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. It was known to be a horror. Hundred of men, women and children were crammed into a single vessel. These slave ships ended up becoming �floating coffins� on which half of the Africans on board died from disease or brutal mistreatment.
4. Asante � a kingdom that emerged in the 100s and 1700s and was occupied by the Ghana. The kingdom was organized by Osei Tutu. The Asante traded with Europeans on the coast, exchanging gold and slaves for firearms.
5. Usman dan Fodio � a Fulani scholar and preacher who denounce the corruption of the local Hausa rulers. He called for social and religious reforms based in Islamic law. Usman and his successors set up a powerful Islamic state and under their rule, literacy increased, local wars quieted, and trade improved. His success inspired other Muslim reform movements in West Africa.
6. Boer � Dutch farmers who settled around Cape Town. Over time they enslaved the Khosian herders who lived there. The held a Calvinist belief that they were the elect of God and looked on Africans as inferiors.
7. Shaka � the brilliant leader of the Zulus. In the 1800s they emerged as a major force under their ruthless leader. He waged relentless wars upon the neighboring people and his strength began to grow. Under the rule of Shaka the Zulus conquered most of North Africa and drove out many other groups.
8. Discuss the reasons why Europeans enslaved Africans. The Europeans enslaved Africans because Bartolom� de las Casas pushed the Spanish government into passing the New Laws of The Indies. These laws did not allow the Spanish to enslave Native Americans in the Americas therefore they enslaved the Africans because there was a shortage of slaves.

 

Aim: How did the Age of Exploration and the �Columbian Exchange� impact the world (Europe, Latin America, Africa, China, and Japan)? (Chp 16 Sec 5, Chp 15 Sec 4)

 

1. Trade � increase and support in mercantilism. The government also set strict laws regulating trade. Colonies could now not set up industries to manufacture goods or buy goods from foreign countries. The idea was to increase the country�s wealth.
2. Columbian Exchange � the immediate effects of the exchange were that the Spanish defeated Aztec and Incan empires and millions of Native Americans died from diseases that were carried into the Americas by Europeans. Soon enslaved Africans were sent to the Americas in the slave trade. Then the Spanish living in the Americas brought American foods, including corn and potatoes, and introduced them to the Europeans. The long term effects were the spread of items such as horses, corn, potatoes, and sugar around the world. Population grew in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and there was an exchange of ideas, technology, arts, and language between Europeans and the Americas. There was also a population migration from Europe to the Americas and so there was also a large growth of capitalism.
3. Inflation � economic cycle that involves a rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available
4. Capitalism � economic system in which the means of the production are privately owned and operated for profit
5. Commercial Revolution � the opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas was what began the commercial revolution. Because there was more trade, there was a rise in inflation in Europe. There was also an increase in population which also resulted in inflation. As more gold and silver flowed into Europe, more money was being produced. Increased money circulation combined with the scarcity of goods, caused priced to rise. There was also a growth of capitalism and an increase of entrepreneurs. New business methods like joint stock companies also developed and helped fuel the commercial revolution.
6. Insurance � was an idea used to help reduce business risks. For a small fee, an underwriter would insure the merchant�s shipment. If the goods arrived safely, the merchant lost the small insurance fee. But if the shipment was lost of destroyed, the underwriter paid the merchant most of its value.
7. Entrepreneurs � person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit, enterprising merchants. They hired workers and paid for raw materials, transport and other costs of production.
8. Mercantilism � policy by which a nation sought to stop trade by putting heavy taxes on imported items in order to build its supply of gold and silver
9. Tariff � tax on imported goods
10. Irish Potato Famine � the potato was introduced to Ireland from the Americas in the 1580s. Soon the Irish peasants began to greatly depend on the potato, which had become their main source of food. Then in 1845, disaster struck. In a single month, a blight wiped out the entire potato crop. More than a million Irish died of starvation and disease in the famine that followed. The tens of thousands of starving Irish left their homeland to seek a new life in the Americas.
11. �Closed Door� � when the Tokugawa shogun became increasingly hostile toward foreigners. The felt that the Spanish were agents of an invading force. Then the Japanese began to fear that the Japanese Christians (who had reached 300,000 people) owed their allegiance to the Pope. In response the Tokugawas expelled foreign missionaries and they brutally persecuted Japanese Christians.
12. Isolationism � when China isolated themselves from the outside world and to them the Portuguese were �southern barbarians.�
13. Hermit Kingdom � Two events that led Koreans to become the Hermit Kingdom. The first was the Japanese invasion in the 1590s, which devastated the land of Korea. Then in 1636 the Manchus conquered Korea before overrunning Ming China. When the Manchus set up the Qing dynasty in China, Korea became a tributary state. They were forced to acknowledge Chinese supremacy and the two invasions left Korea feeling like �a shrimp among whales.� In response, the Koreans chose isolation. When European sailors were shipwrecked on Korean shores, they were imprisoned and as a result Korea became known as the Hermit Kingdom.
14. Identify and describe the �Columbian Exchange�. The Columbian Exchange was the exchange between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. The immediate effects of the exchange were that the Spanish defeated Aztec and Incan empires and millions of Native Americans died from diseases that were carried into the Americas by Europeans. Soon enslaved Africans were sent to the Americas in the slave trade. Then the Spanish living in the Americas brought American foods, including corn and potatoes, and introduced them to the Europeans. The long term effects were the spread of items such as horses, corn, potatoes, and sugar around the world. Population grew in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and there was an exchange of ideas, technology, arts, and language between Europeans and the Americas. There was also a population migration from Europe to the Americas and so there was also a large growth of capitalism. The connections to today are that the multicultural society in the United States that evolved because of the Columbian Exchange. There is now also a worldwide reliance on items such as corn and potatoes.
15. Discuss the various impacts (social, economic, political) of the Age of Exploration on Europe, Latin America and Africa. The Age of Exploration resulted in Europe conquering land in the Americas and that way many European companies strengthened their empires. Native American civilizations collapsed and African slaves were introduced to new parts of the world. The trading triangle was what brought the most impact unto the Age of Exploration and the countries involved.
16. Discuss how the Japanese (Tokugawa) and Chinese (Qing) reacted to European exploration. The Qing dynasty maintained a policy of restricting foreign traders. In 1793, Lord Macartney arrived in China at the head of a British diplomatic mission. He brought samples of British made goods to show the Chinese the advantages of trade with Westerners. But the Chinese misunderstood what the gift was for and looked at them as rather crude. Further misunderstandings ensued when Macartney refused to bow to the ground and show respect to the emperor. He also offended the Chinese by speaking of how superior the English were. The Japanese Tokugawa dynasty, were the first to accept western traders. In 1543, the Portuguese reached Japan then later came the Spanish, Dutch and English. The Japanese quickly acquired western firearms and built castles modeled on European designs. Japan was also open to European missionaries. But because of fears of a western invasion, the Japanese expelled all westerners and closed their doors to them for over 200 years.

 

Aim: How did Louis XIV (France), Philip II (Spain), and James 1 (England) rule their respective countries? (Chp 17 Sec 1, 2, 3)

 

1. Absolute Monarchy � ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people in which he or she governs
2. Divine Right � belief that a ruler�s authority comes directly from God
3. Intendant � official appointed by French king Louis the fourteenth to govern the provinces
4. Hapsburg � the Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. Charles V was the heir to the Hapsburg empire. When Charles died the Hapsburg empire divided.
5. Spanish Armada � a Spanish fleet that was sent by Philip II to carry out a Spanish invasion force to England. The Armada� sailed with more than 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery. But the Spanish Armada was defeated because of strange weather and this ended Philip�s plan to invade England.
6. Edict of Nantes � was issued by Henry IV in 1598 and it granted the Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities.
7. Palace of Versailles � Louis XIV�s palace. He transformed it into one of the most magnificent buildings in Europe. Versailles became the perfect symbol of the Sun King�s wealth and power. The palace was home to the king and the seat of government, and it was home to over 10,000 officials, nobles, and servants.
8. �L�etat c�est moi� � Louis XIV was often quoted saying this, �I am the state.�
9. Fronde � soon after Louis XIV became king, disorder swept France and in an uprising called the Fronde, nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor rebelled.
10. Louis XIV � He inherited the throne in 1643, the year after Cardinal Richelieu�s death at the age of 5. He was an expert on power and had absolute monarch. But soon after Louis XIV came into power, disorder swept France and an uprising called Fronde occurred. When Louis�s chief minister died he resolved to take over the government himself. At a young age he was called the Boy King and then the Sun King (this name was given to him because he said he was the center of the universe and like the heliocentric theory, the universe revolves around the sun). Not once during his reign did Louis call a meeting of the Estates General. Like Philip II, Louis spent much of his time tending to government affairs. Under Louis the French army also became the strongest in Europe. Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years, which is the longest any monarch ever ruled. Louis also restricted the Edict of Nantes and undid everything Henry IV did for Protestants of his country.
11. Jean Baptiste Colbert � the chief finance minister of Louis XIV. He followed mercantilist� policies to promote trade. He had new lands cleared for farming, encouraged mining and other basic industries. He built up luxury trades such as lace-making and to protect French manufacturers he put high tariff on imported goods. Colbert�s policies helped make France the wealthiest state in Europe.
12. Charles V � within Spain, he was known as Charles I. However, historians refer to him as Charles V. He ruled from 1519 to 1556 and he was heir to the Hapsburgs, the Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. Ruling 2 empires left him in constant warfare. As heir to the Hapsburg empire he continued a long struggle with France over rival claims in Italy. He also fought to suppress the Protestant movement in the German states. When he died he divided the Hapsburg empire, leaving half to his brother Ferdinand and leaving the Netherlands to Spain. ����������� To his son Philip he left the Spanish empire in the Americas.
13. Philip II � he was hardworking, devout, and ambitious. During his long reign from 1556 to 1598, he sought to expand Spanish influence, strengthen the Catholic Church, and make his own power absolute. Because of the excess silver from the Americas, Philip II� made Spain the most powerful empire in Europe. Philip also devoted much of his time to government work. He lived in an isolated palace called the Escorial and it served as a church,, residence, and tomb for members of the royal family. Philip became an absolute monarch and also believed that he ruled� by divine right.
14. Elizabeth I � to Philip II she was seen as the ultimate Protestant enemy. She supported the Dutch against Spain. She even encouraged English captains, known as Sea Dogs, to plunder Spanish treasure ships. Elizabeth even rewarded a Sea Dog for looting Spanish cities in the Americas.
15. James I � the first Stuart Monarch who agreed to rule according to English laws and customs. He repeatedly clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy. He also found himself in many religious disputes with Puritans (Protestant extremists trying to purify the Church of Catholics). He also asked a group of scholars in 1604, to translate the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into English. For seven years the committee worked on �King James� Bible. It is one of the best known English version of the bible.
16. Henry IV � a Bourbon prince and Huguenot leader. In 1589, Henry of Navarre inherited the French throne. Knowing that he would face severe problems ruling a Catholic land as a Huguenot, he became Catholic. But to protect Protestants living in France he issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598. Henry also set out to heal his struggling land. His goal was �a chicken in every pot.� Under Henry the government reached into every area of life. Royal officials administered justice, improved roads, built bridges, and revived agriculture. Bu building the royal bureaucracy and reducing the influence of noble, Henry laid the foundations for royal absolutism. He was killed by an assassin in 1610 and his son Louis took over the throne.
17. Henry VIII � broke with the Roman Catholic Church then turned to Parliament for approval. Parliament then approved the Act of Supremacy, making him head of the Church of England. Henry also lost much of his money in funding overseas wars and had to levy new taxes often.
18. Act of Supremacy � the act passed by Parliament that put Henry VIII at the head of the Church of England and voted for him to seize monastery land.
19. Charles I � inherited the throne after his father James I in 1625. He behaved like an absolute monarch and he imprisoned his enemies without trial and kept squeezing the nation for money. He later approached Parliament in 1628 to higher taxes and though they agreed they asked him to sign the Petition of Right. This would force Charles to consult Parliament before raising taxes. Then during the Scottish revolt Charles approached Parliament once again, 11 years after he had shunned them. But Parliament launched its own revolt and the Parliament now became known as the Long Parliament. But Charles I fought back and in 1642 he sent his army to arrest Parliaments most radical leaders. But on January 1649, Charles I was executed and after his execution the House of Commons abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church if England.
20. Louis XV � was Louis XIV�s grandson and he inherited the throne at age five in 1715. He was a weak king and could not deal with the country�s financial issues. He neglected his duties and during that time a reform was growing.
21. William Lauds � Charles I�s Archbishop of Canterbury. He tried to force all clergy to follow strict Anglican rules, imprisoning anyone who resisted. He then tried to impose the Anglican prayer book on Scotland, the mostly Calvinist country revolted.
22. Charles II � was heir to the throne and launched an attack on England through Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell then led forces into Ireland and ended the uprising. In 1660, a newly elected Parliament invited Charles II to return to England form exile. He was a popular ruler and reopened theatre and taverns. He restored the official Church of England but tolerated other Protestants. Although he accepted the Petition of Right, he still had faith in an absolute monarchy.
23. James II � Charles II�s brother who inherited the throne in 1685. And unlike Charles, James flaunted his Catholic faith. He angered many by appointing Catholics to high office. In 1688, his daughter Mary and her Dutch Protestant husband, William III of Orange, became rulers of England.
24. Identify and describe the characteristics of absolute monarchy and divine right monarchy. An absolute monarchy is when the king powerful and has the most control. Many kings had powerful absolute monarchies and in some cases Parliament rebelled to stop the king from gaining more power. Divine right monarchy is when the king feels that he was chosen by God to rule and he takes it up on himself to rule like a religious leader.
25. Discuss the reign of Louis XIV and its impacts on France. He inherited the throne in 1643 at the age of 5. He was an expert on power and had absolute monarch. But soon after Louis XIV came into power, disorder swept France and an uprising called Fronde occurred. When Louis�s chief minister died he resolved to take over the government himself. Not once during his reign did Louis call a meeting of the Estates General. Like Philip II, Louis spent much of his time tending to government affairs. Under Louis the French army also became the strongest in Europe. Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years, which is the longest any monarch ever ruled. Louis also restricted the Edict of Nantes and undid everything Henry IV did for Protestants of his country. He was harsh on Protestants and he took away much of their freedoms.

 

Aim: How did Parliament triumph over the Monarch in England? (Chp 17 Sec 3)

 

1. Parliament � Parliament was the acting government. The king would need their approval in order to levy taxes and they tried to get more power and end monarchy.
2. Magna Carta �
3. Petition of Right � signed in 1629 by Charles I. It prohibited the king from raising taxes without consulting Parliaments or imprisoning anyone without just cause.
4. Puritan Revolution � Protestant extremists trying to purify the Church of Catholics. Puritans were against theatres, dancing and gambling. Then Cromwell closed all theatres. Puritans also felt every Christian, rich and poor, must be able to read the Bible. And to spread religious knowledge they encourage education for all people. Puritans also pushed for changes in marriage, they tried to encourage marriage based on love and not business. The Puritan revolution ended in the restoration of the monarchy.
5. Cavaliers � supporters of Charles I during the English Civil War, which lasted from 1642 to 1649. Many Cavaliers were wealthy nobles, they well rained in dueling and warfare.
6. Roundheads � called Roundhead because they had shot hair. Their leader was Oliver Cromwell who was a Puritan member and a skilled general.
7. Habeas Corpus � no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.
8. Glorious Revolution � William and Mary landed with their army in England in 1688 in order to overthrow James II. But James fled to France before any war could ensue. This bloodless overthrow of the king was known as the Glorious Revolution. What this revolution accomplished was not democracy but the beginnings of constitutional monarchy. Now English rulers still had power but the had to obey the law and govern in partnership with Parliament.
9. English Bill of Rights � William and Mary had to accept several acts passed by Parliament known as the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. It required the monarch to summon Parliament regularly and gave the House of Commons the �power of the purse.� A king or queen could no longer interfere with Parliamentary debates or suspend laws. The bill also barred any Catholic from sitting on the throne and under the bill England became a limited monarchy. The bill also reinstated the traditional rights of English citizens such as trial by jury. It also affirmed the principle of habeas corpus.
10. Limited Constitutional Monarchy � a government in which the constitution or legislative body limits the monarch�s powers.
11. Stuart Monarch � in 1603, after a 45-year reign, Elizabeth died with no direct heir to the throne.. So it was passed on to her relatives the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland. They were not as popular as the Tudors, nor as skillful as dealing with Parliaments. They also inherited problems that Henry and Elizabeth had long suppressed. The result was a �century or revolution� that put the Stuart monarchs against Parliament. James I was the first Stuart monarch.
12. Oliver Cromwell � was a member of the Roundheads. He organized the �New Model Army� for Parliament into a disciplined fighting force. Inspired by Puritan chaplains, Cromwell�s army defeated the Cavaliers in a series of decisive battles. By 1647, the king was in the hands of the Parliament. In 1653 was when he took up the title Lord Protector.
13. William and Mary � Mary was the daughter of James II and William II of Orange was her Dutch Protestant husband. They landed their army in England and James II fled to France. But before they could be crowned, they had to agree to several acts passed by Parliament that became known as the English Bill of Rights.
14. Explain how the Stuarts clashed with Parliament. The Stuart monarchy repeatedly clashed with Parliament, especially when James I was is power. He usually fought with them over money and foreign policy. James wanted money to fund his wars and lavish courts and instead of turning to Parliament for approval, he just collected taxes on his own. When James�s son Charles I inherited the throne in 1625, he signed the Petition of Right but then ignored Parliament for over 11 years. This triggered Parliament to revolt and form the Roundheads and their leader Oliver Cromwell.
15. Explain the significance of the English Bill of Rights. The significance of the English Bill of Rights was to limit the royal power. Under the Bill of Right England became a limited monarchy and it required the monarch to summon Parliament regularly. In addition to that it also affirmed the principle of habeas corpus, which meant that no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. The idea was to stop any further absolute monarchies that would overpower Parliament.