Channel- A narrow, deep waterway connecting two bodies of water; the deepest part of a river or waterway.

Desert- A dry, barren region that may be sandy and without trees

Glacier- A huge mass of ice that moves slowly down a mountain.

Island- An area of land completely surrounded by water.

Lake- A large body of water surrounded by land

Mouth (of a river) - The part of a river where its waters flow into another body of water.

Peninsula- Land surrounded by water on all sides but one.

Plain- A broad and flat or gently rolling area usually low in elevation.

Valley- Low land between hills or mountains.

Cultural Diffusion- The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another.

AIM: How did Civilization Emerge?

Nomads- People who move from place to place in search of food.

Neolithic revolution- ������������

Domestication-

Bureaucracy- A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials.

Polytheism- belief in many gods.

Pictogram- A drawing used to represent a word.

Specialization-

Tradition economy- Grew up in early civilizations. Crafts workers made pottery, cloth and other goods.

Barter- A system in which one set of goods or service is exchanged for another.

AIM: How did civilization Emerge?

Terms

Nile River Valley- The Egyptians depended on the Nile for survival. Without the Nile Egypt would be swallowed up by its surroundings.

Delta- A triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers.

Mummification- A practice of preserving the bodies of the dead.

Hieroglyphics- A form of picture writing developed by the ancient Egyptians.

Papyrus- A plant that grows along the banks of the Nile; used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paper like material.

Rosetta Stone- Napoleon discovered the Rosetta stone by accident when he was taking a part a wall. It contained the translation of the Hieroglyphics to Greek. Without this discovery we would never have known what Hieroglyphics meant.

Pharaoh- The rulers of ancient Egypt.

People

Osiris- He was a Pharaoh but his brother killed him.

Amon-Re- A god

Tutankhamen- Howard carter found his tomb. It contained many riches and evidence about Egyptian civilization.

AIM: How did rulers control the Fertile Crescent Region?

Terms

Fertile Crescent- It curved from the Persian Gulf to the eastern Mediterranean coast.

Mesopotamia- Mesopotamia was the first known civilization in the Fertile Crescent.

Tigris & Euphrates- They surrounded Mesopotamia which gave Mesopotamia the name �Land between the Rivers�.

Hammurabi�s code- Hammurabi made a list of strict rules to keep order known as the code of Hammurabi.

Civil Law- A body of law dealing with private rights of individuals.

Satraps- A governor of a province in the Persian Empire.

Royal Road- This was a relay road where good were transported from one place to another. It stretched from Persia to the Argentinean Sea.

City- States- A political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands.

Cuneiform- The Sumerians had invented the earliest known form of writing called cuneiform from the Latin word cuneus.

People

Hammurabi- He was the king of Babylon. He brought much of Mesopotamia under his control. He also created the code of Hammurabi.

Cyrus the Great- In 539 B.C. Babylon fell to the Persian armies of Cyrus the great.

Darius-

• Persian Emperor.

• Ruled from 522 to 486 B.C.

• Set up a government.

• Had roads built and repaired.

• Encouraged the use of coins.

• Divided the Persian empire into provinces.

Hitties-

• Were iron workers

• Created tools and weapons that were harder that bronze and copper.

• Iron is still used today for, cars, buildings, utensils and so on.

Phoenicians-

• It�s contribution is the alphabet.

• Contained 22 symbols.

• Written in vertical form from right to left.

• People adapted to this alphabet until they produce our 26 letter alphabet.

Sargon-

• Ruler of the neighboring Akkad.

• About 2300 B.C.

• Conquered the city-states of Sumer.

• Built first empire known to history.

• When he died, they were conquered.

AIM: How did Hinduism Develop in India?

Monsoons- India depended on monsoons for survival. If they came to late than their crops will dry out, if they came to early than their crops would be destroyed.

Ganges and Indus river- They are used as food, water and irragation systems. It also provides trade. To Hindus the Ganges is a holy river.

Ghats- Two mountain ranges of southern India, separated by the Deccan Plateau.

Khyber Pass- A narrow pass through mountains on the border between eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.

Veda- A Hindu sacred text.

Caste System

Ahimsa-Non injury to any living thing (contains a soul)

Bhagavad-Gita- A sacred Hindu text that is incorporated into the Mahabharata and takes the form of a philosophical dialogue in which Krishna instructs the prince Arjuna in ethical matters and the nature of God.

Brahman- Top of the caste system. They were holy priest.

Dharma/Karma- Dharma is the duty of each caste. In order to get good Karma you must fulfill your Dharma.

Reincarnation- Hindus believe that there is an after life and if you do not do your Dharma than your reincarnation will be bad.

Sanskrit- An ancient Indic language that is the language of Hinduism and the Vedas and is the classical literary language of India.

AIM: How Did Buddhism Become A Major World Religion?

Four Noble Truths-

s         All life is suffering and pain

s         Suffering comes from desire

s         To end suffering, end desire

s         To end desire, follow the way of the Buddha

Eightfold Path-

Nirvana- They belied that a mans Dharma was complete when they reached nirvana.

Stupa- A large domelike Buddhist shrine.

AIM: How was China Influenced by Three Schools of Thought?

Fillial Piety- Respect for the parents.

Five Realationships-

Ruler� > Subject�������

Father > Son

Husband > Wife

Elder brother �> Younger brother

Friend� <=> Friend�������������� ����������������������� �����������������������

������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Dao-

Duty��������������������������������������������������������������� ����������� Humanity/virtue

Every person should willingly����������������������������������� correct behavior towards others

accept his/her role and should

perform the duties of that role

Legalism-

• Form of government based on landholding

• Alliances between lords and vassals

• Oaths of loyalty in exchange for land and military service

• Ranking of power and the authority.�

People

Confucius- Chinese philosopher who�s Analects contains a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death.

Hanfeizi- He said the �nature of a man is evil�. His teachings were known as legalism.

Laozi- He was the founder of Daoism. He is also known as �Old Master�.

AIM: How did China Experience A Golden Age During The Han Dynasty?

Qin Dynasty- The last imperial dynasty of China

Ethnocentrism- Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.

Great Wall- This was built under the control of Shi Huangdi. It was to keep barbarians out of china (all people who did not live in china were considered barbarians by the Chinese).

Silk Road- An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.

Mandate of Heaven- The Chinese believed that when a catastrophe happened then the mandate was not on their side, but when something good happened than the mandate was on there side.

Dynastic Cycle-  

 Civil Service Examination-

People

Shi Huangdi- He ordered that the great wall will be built. He died in 210 b.c.

Wudi- A Han emperor.  He strengthened the government and economy of China. He improved canals and roads. He also set up a monopoly.

AIM: Does Ancient Greece deserve to be called the �Cradle of Civilization�?

Polis- A city- State in ancient Greece.

Acropolis- Hilltop fortress of an ancient Greek city- state.

Monarchy- A government in which a king or queen exercises central power.

Aristocracy- A government headed a privileged minority or upper class.

Oligarchy- A government in which ruling power belongs to a few people.

Dictatorship- Ruler who has complete control over a government.

Legislature- Lawmaking body.

Direct democracy- A system of government in which citizens participate directly rather than through elected representatives.

Tragedy/Comedy- Tragedy were plays that told of human suffering that usually ended in a disaster. Comedies were humorous plays that mocked people or customs.

Hellenism- The principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization.

Golden Age- A good time for Greece (See HW #11)

People

Socrates- Greek philosopher whose indefatigable search for ethical knowledge challenged conventional mores and led to his trial and execution on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth. Although Socrates wrote nothing, his method of question and answer is captured in the dialogues of Plato, his greatest pupil.

Aristotle- He made his own ideas of government. He also set up schools for all branches of knowledge.

Plato- Emphasized importance of reason. He said people could not discover �unchanging ethical values�.

Pericules- Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Alexander the Great- King of Macedon; conqueror of Greece and Egypt and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC).

AIM: How and Why did Rome Build and Maintain an Empire?

Imperium- Absolute rule; supreme power.

Republic- System of government in which officials are chosen by the people.

Aqueduct- In ancient Rome, bridge like stone structure that carried water from the hills into the city.

Pax Romana- The Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire.

Circus Maximus- This was the place where roman chariots raced around an oval course.

Senate- The most powerful governing body.

Coliseum- In Rome Gladiators fought in the Coliseum. 

Twelve Tables-

People

Julius Caesar- Roman general, statesman, and historian.

Diocletian- Emperor of Rome (284-305) who divided the empire into east and west (286) in an attempt to rule the territory more effectively. His desire to revive the old religion of Rome led to the last major persecution of the Christians.

Constantine- Place

Huns- A barbarous or destructive person.

AIM: Why did Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire?

Messiah- Savior sent by G-D

Gospels- Most of what we know about Jesus comes from the Gospels.

Apostle- The Apostle�s are the people who spread Jesus� message. In Greek Apostle means �a person sent forth�.

New Testament- The New Testament was made up of 27 books of the Bible that contain the life and teachings of Jesus.

Edict of Milan- Constantine issued the �Edict of Milan�. It granted freedom of worship to all citizens of Rome.

Sect- Small religion group.

People

Jesus- Was born in about 4 bc in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem. Growing up, Jesus worshiped G-d and followed Jewish law. He worked as a carpenter.

Paul- He has never seen Jesus before. He had a vision that Jesus came to him and he converted to the �new faith�. He spread Jesus� teachings beyond Jews to gentiles or non �Jews. His work set Christianity on the way to becoming a world religion.

AIM: How did the Byzantine Empire prosper following the �Fall� of Rome in the West?

Constantinople- Constantinople is an important center of the Byzantine Empire because it commanded trade routes to make Europe the busiest marketplace. They sold silks, gems, spices, slaves and furs.

Hagia Sophia- The Cathedral of Constantinople in which the Ecumenical Patriarchs and Byzantine Emperors were enthroned.

Eastern Orthodox Church- The body of modern churches, including among others the Greek and Russian Orthodox, that is derived from the church of the Byzantine Empire.

Schism- Permanent division in a church.

Corpus Juris Civilis- �Body of the civil law�. This is a commission to collect, revise, and organize and all the laws of Ancient Rome.

Cyrillic- An alphabet used in Russia and Ukraine.

People

Justinian- Justinian beatified Constantinople by building the Hagia Sophia. Inside it had colored marble and silk curtains.

Cyril- ?

AIM: How did Charlemagne brief unite Europe following the �fall� of Rome?

Battle of Tours-

Missi Dominci- They were officials who kept control of the roads and to see that justice was done.

Treaty of Verdun- Charlemagne�s grandson set this up. It split the empire into three regions.

Sarcophagus- A stone coffin often inscribed or decorated with sculpture.

People

Franks- ?

Clovis- King of the Franks. He and his warriors were baptized.

Charles Martel- Frankish ruler of Austrasia who in 732 halted the European invasion of the Moors. His grandson was Charlemagne.

Charlemagne- King of the Franks (768-814) and founder of the first empire in Western Europe after the fall of Rome.

Pope Leo- He crowned Charlemagne as �emperor�.

AIM: How was Society Organized in the Middle Ages?

Dark Ages-

Feudalism- A loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own land \s but owed military service and other support to a greater lord.

Vassal/Lord-

    King

    Lesser Lords

    Serfs

Fief- In the middle Ages, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty.

Knight- Noble in Europe who served as a mounted warrior for a lord in the Middle Ages.

Serf- In medieval Europe, a serf was considered a peasant bound to the lord�s land.

Chivalry- A code of conduct for knights during the middle ages.

Manor- During the Middle Ages in Europe a lord�s estate, which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands.

Self- Sufficient- Able to provide for oneself without the help of others.

AIM: How did the Roman Catholic Church Dominate Life in the Middle Ages?

Sacrament- Sacred ritual of Roman Catholic Church.

Canon Law- A body of laws of a church.

Usury- The practice of lending money and charging the borrower interest, especially at an exorbitant or illegally high rate.

Excommunication- Exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey church laws.

Interdict- In Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town or kingdom.

Tithe- A payment to a church equal to one tenth of a person income.

Hierarchy- System of ranks.

Heresy- Religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church.

Anti-Semitism- The prejudice of Jews.

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