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Outline #1
Pages 86-87
Problems Resulting From The War
w The British stationed 10,000 troops in territories to keep the natives under control.
w The British saw this action as protection for the colonies, the colonist thought that the army might turn against them.
w The troops cost an additional 400,000 pounds (dollars). The British doubled its debt since the war.
w King George III chose George Grenville to serve as prime minister.
Grenville Angers Colonist
w During the French- Indian war, British soldiers cracked down on smugglers who have been doing business with French territories.
w Governor of Massachusetts authorized writs of assistance, which was a search warrant that allowed officials to search any import or export.
w Governor noticed that taxes on import were at a deficit and were losing money.
w The governor enacted The Sugar Act-.
����������� - It halved taxes
����������� - Placed taxes on certain imports never imposed before.
����������� - Strengthened the resistance of the smuggling.
Outline #2
Pages 94-103
Stamp Act
w The first direct tax, the British government passed it without our consent, it was very insulting because in Britain the people who got direct taxes were slaves and servants, and now the average person (lawyers �because it�s a tax on legal documents) feels like a slave. The tax consisted on the stamps like we use today, money to send a letter or document.
Stamp Act Protest
w Direct tax
w Boston shopkeepers organized a secret resistance called the sons of liberty. Sam Adams was part of this organization. The sons of liberty protested.
w The Stamp act became effective November 1st, 1765. But the colonial protest prevented the stamps from being sold.
w The colonial assemblies made a protest. Resolutions stated that Virginia could only be taxed by the Virginia assemblies.
w Declaration of Rights and Grievances- Parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on colonies because colonists were not represented by parliament.
w Eventually the Stamp act was repealed.
The Townshend Acts
w Townshend Act- Created by Charles Townshend. It was an indirect tax unlike the stamp act which was a direct tax. It taxed on all types of imports taxes on paint, lead, tea etc.
w It also imposed a three-penny tax on tea (a very popular drink).
w The colonist protested and had had meeting �taxation without representation�.
w June 1768, British seized �The Liberty� the boat of John Hancock. They claimed that he was smuggling in an illegal shipment on wine.
w The colonists were outraged so the British stationed 4,000 troops to control the colonist.
The Boston Massacre
Paul
Reveres famous
Drawing of the Boston
�Massacre
w March 5, 1770, fight broke out over jobs. The British redcoats arrived and the first shot was shot and 5 people died. The picture above was propaganda by Paul Revere.
w It was called a �Massacre� in order for the event to sound very dramatic.
w Committees of Correspondence- to communicate with other colonies about threats to American liberties.
The Boston Tea Party
w Britain wanted tea tax.
w Colonists lost money by selling British tea.
w They boycotted and drank coffee.
w December 16, 1773, Boston rebels, disguised themselves as natives dumped 15,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor.
The Intolerable Acts
w Intolerable acts- shut down Boston Harbor
w Quartering acts- allowed British soldiers to go live in private homes
w Martial law-military law, land controlled by military (dictatorship)
w The extraterritoriality- tried colonists in Britain- that�s annoying because you have to���� go Britain, and it�s harder to win there then it is at to win at home
Battle Lexington & Concord
w Civilians secretly stockpiled firearms in arsenals. Gage found out and ordered troops to Concord to seize illegal weapons.
w A battle broke out between the minutemen and the redcoats. 8 minutemen and 1 redcoat were killed.
w After this the redcoats continued to march until they reached 4,000 minutemen. The redcoats started to drop like flies.�
Second Continental Congress
w Some ready to fight for independence while others argued for peace with Great Britain.
w John Adams recommended creating separate governments for each colony.
w The congress was like an independent government, it authorized printing of money and paper, to pay the troops.
The Battle of Bunker Hill
w Gage sent 2,400 redcoats to Bunker Hill. The redcoats were losing to the minutemen.
w The colonist lost 311 while the British lost 1000.
w �Don�t fire until you see the whites of their eyes�- To save ammo
Common Sense
w Thomas Paine wrote it anonymously because he didn�t want them to think he was crazy he new they wouldn�t listen if they knew it was from a radical and he would probably be killed for treason against Britain.
w Trying to declare the logic of declaring independence, he says, independence is the most worthy cause for the entire generation and for future generations.
w Why is this important?
Because we argued and had conflicts but the war all ready started, in the Battle of Lexington and concord-blood was shed on American soil, we already had a war, so let�s start fighting
�The sun never shone on a more worthy cause�
Declaring Independence
w Written by Thomas Jefferson in two weeks.
w He changed �life, liberty, and property� (Locke) to �Life, Liberty and happiness� which means that you should expect to be happy.
w In the declaration he writes all men are created equal (at the time they had slaves so not really all men are created equal, so he made it open for different interpretations just in case they abolish slavery or live up to a different idea)
wUnalienable rights- indisputable rights, cant take them away if the government doesn�t do its job to protect the people, the people have the right to fight, someone who thinks clearly should know you can�t just override the government against every little thing, it�s not only your right, its your duty, if you have monarch, to override them.
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COLONIES |
GREAT BRITIAN |
|
POPULATION |
2.75 million. 1/3 loyalist 500,000 blacks (mostly slaves) |
12 million |
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MILITARY |
Poorly equipped, no navy, poorly financed, undisciplined. |
Opposite of colonies |
|
FINANCES |
No $$$$ |
Richest nation |
|
INDUSTRY |
None |
Most industrialized |
|
GEOGRAPHY |
Familiar with land, close to supplies |
Far from supplies/ orders |
|
INCENTIVES |
Freedom |
Land |
Outline #3
Pages 107-116
Defeat in New York
w The British retreated from Boston March 1776.
w The British decided to take over New York. The Howe brothers sailed to NY with 32,000 soldiers. The Americans called them the Hessians.
w George Washington sent 23,000 men to defend NY.
w The battle ended in August with the American retreat.
w Fewer than 8,000 men remained under Washington�s command.
The Battle Of Trenton
w Washington sent 2,400 men to Trenton, which was held by the Hessian.
w The Hessian army was drunk, the Americans killed 30 and took 918 in captivity as well as capturing 6 canons.
The Fight For Philadelphia
w General Howe planned on capturing the American capital, Philadelphia. The Continental Congress fled while the troops of Washington moved in to defend the colony.
w The Americans lost the battle.
Victory At Saratoga
w Burgoyne traveled through the forest and experienced much resistance.
w American troops surrounded Burgoyne at Saratoga where he surrendered (Oct. 17, 1777)
MILITARY STRENTHS AND WEAKNESSES
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UNITED STATES |
GREAT BRITAIN |
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STRENGHTHS - Home court advantage - George Washington�s leadership - Inspiring cause- Independence WEAKNESSES - Untrained �������������������������������- No central Government - Shortage of supplies - bad navy� ���������� |
STRENGHTHS - Well trained - Strong central Government - Support of colonist and native Americans WEAKNESSES - Unfamiliar with terrain - Weak military leaders |
Winter At Valley Forge
w Congress had little money and supplies for the troops
w Harsh conditions, little winter survival needs (Blankets, homes etc.).
Financing the war
w As congress printed more money, inflation was a problem
w Corrupt officials engaged in profiteering, selling scarce goods for a profit.
Lafayette And The French
w Marquis de Lafayette arrived to offer help to the Americans. He joined Washington�s staff.
w He led a command in Virginia.
Early British Success In The South
w Charles Cornwallis sailed 8,500 men. They captured Charles-Town, South Carolina.
w They captured 5,500 Americans as POW�s.
w 3 months later they established fort across S.C.
British Reverses In 1781
w Washington ordered Greene to divide troops and send 600 to Morgan in S.C.
w They arrived and forced the redcoats to surrender.
w The reds fought back in N.C. they won but lost several hundred troops.
Victory At Yorktown
w Americans and French closed in on British. They obstructed British sea routes blocking them from the outside world.
w The British surrendered and the white flag was shown.
w British defeated�.America wins!
Continental Congress new flag (13 states)
Seeking Peace
w �Treaty of Paris�- Confirmed U.S. Independence and set boundaries, ended the revolutionary war.
Impact on American Society
w Egalitarianism- Belief of equality of all people.
w Applied only to white males
Outline #4
Pages 125-129
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postion |
Minimum age |
Residency |
citizenship |
|
Representative |
25 |
State in which elected |
7 years |
|
Senator |
30 |
State in which elected |
9 years |
|
President |
35 |
14 years in U.S. |
Natural born |
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Supreme court Justice |
None |
None |
None |
Senate- 6 years appointed by legislatives
House of Reps- 2 years appointed by people
Articles of confederation
w 9/13 states needed to agree to make a law.
w Government didn�t have control over trade
Basis for a Republic
w Americans believed in democracy.
w Republic- Citizens rule through elected representatives.
w Republicanism- Government should be based in consent of people.
w Women did not have the right to vote.
Population Or State?
w Unequal people and wealth between states
w Should delegates represent people or states?
w Each state elect more delegates per population?
w Voted each state will have on vote regardless of population
w Confederation- Government power to war, peace, treaties, money
Western Lands
w Land Ordinance- Established plan for dividing land and public education
w North-West ordinance- Procedure for dividing the land no less than 3 to 5 territories. They set up requirments for admision to new states overlooked by natives.
Political & Economic Problems
w Lacked national unity
w Huge debt that the congress didn�t pay during the revolution $160,000,000
Pages 132-141
Call For Convention
w Trade between states was big problem, which led to �quarrels over taxes� and navigation rights.
w Nationalist leaders called meeting of delegates from all states to discuss the problems.
w Only 5 states sent delegates to the convention (Annapolis Maryland).
w Decided to call another meeting with all the states the following year in Philadelphia.
Highlights of the Convention
w In 1787, delegates gathered in the signing room in Philadelphia.
w Strictly an invitation only convention.
Debating The Central Issues
w 1) Delegates feared giving to much power to the central Government.
w 2) Delegates did not want one group of people dominating over another.
w The delegates question was:
- How could it strengthen the national government while preserving the rights of the state?
����������� - How could it balance conflicting interest of different groups within society?
Big States Versus Small States
w Wanted to give fair representation to both big and small states.
w Madison Virginia plan- Proposed two house legislatures (bicameral), with membership based on state population.
w Delegates objected this plan because it gave more power to the more populated states.
w William Patterson�s New Jersey Plan- single house congress (unicameral) where each house had an equal vote.
w Roger Patterson�s Great Compromise- Two house congress to satisfy both big and small states. Each would have equal representation.
Slavery-Related Issues
w Slaves counted as people in the population?
w Three Fifths Compromise- 3/5 of states slave population counted as population.
w James Madison- �20 years will produce all the mischief that can be apprehended from the liberty to import slaves. So long term will be more dishonorable to the National Character than to say nothing about the constitution�.
Division of Powers
w New government system divided power between national government and state government.
w Powers granted by national government- delegated powers
w Powers granted by states- reserved powers
w President- commander in chief, can veto laws, pardon treaties
Separation of Powers
w Three Branches of government
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Legislative Branch |
Make Laws |
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Executive Branch |
Carry out laws |
|
Judicial Branch |
Hear Cases |
w Montesquieu- �spirit of the laws�- Checks and balances to prevent one branch from dominating another.
w President had power but senate had to approve on some laws proposed by president.
w Electoral congress- group of electors chosen by the states, they would cast ballots for presidential candidates.
w Federalism- balance of power between state and federal government.
w Electoral college- group of electors chosen by the state, would cast ballots for presidential candidates. 
Controversies Over The Constitution
w Supporters of the constitution were called the Federalist. Opposes were called the Anti- federalist.
w Federalist insisted that the power should be based on checks and balances.
The Opposing Forces
w Anti- federalist included revolutionist.
w They received support in rural areas were people did not see the need for a strong government.
w Federalist Papers- 85 essays defending the constitution.
w Letters from the Federal Farmer- written by Richard Henry Lee, most widely read anti-federalist publication.
Bill Of Rights
w Anti- Federalist argued that they need a bill of rights since constitution weakened the states they need to be protected.
w They wanted written consent that they have freedom of speech, press, religion etc.
Adoption of the Bill Of Rights
w 1789- 12 amendments were sent to the state legislatures for ratification.
w 1791- � of the state ratified 10- of the 12 which became known as the bill of rights.
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AMENDMENTS Of the bill of rights |
STATES |
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1 |
Free speech, religion, press political activity |
|
2-3 |
Protects citizens from threat of standing armies. Cannot deny citizens to bear arms. No more quartering act. |
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4 |
No search of private resident without warrant. |
|
5-8 |
Fair treatment of individuals accused of crimes. |
|
9 |
Peoples rights not restricted to just those mentioned in the constitution. |
|
10 |
People and the states have all powers that the constitution does not specifically give. |
. 4,5,6 Due process
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AMENDMENTS |
STATES |
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13 (1865) |
Abolish Slavery |
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14 (1868) |
Citizens (blacks) |
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15 (1870) |
Right to vote |
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16 (1913) |
Income Taxes |
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17 (1913) |
Direct election of senators |
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18 (1919) |
Prohibition |
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19� (1920) |
Women suffrage |
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20� (1933) |
Lame Duck sessions, inauguration day. |
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21 (1933) |
Importation to state |
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22 (1951) |
Limit on presidential terms, no more than twice |
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23 (1961) |
???? |
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24 (1964) |
Abolition of poll taxes |
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25 (1967) |
Vice president takes over |
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26 (1971) |
18 years old to vote. |
Filibuster- keep talking to pass a bill
Cloture- needs 2/3 senate to stop a filibuster
Outline #5
Pages 172-181
Judiciary Act Of 1789
w The constitution authorized a federal court system, did not answer how many additional courts there should be and what to do if federal court conflicted with state laws
w This act created a Chief justice as well as five others. It also set up 3 circuit courts, and 13 district courts.
w Section 13 allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised.
Washington Shapes Executive Branch
w He was not elected, but was chosen by electoral college
w Washington�s task was to build an executive branch to make policies and carry out laws passed.
w Executive branch consisted of two people: the president and the vice president.
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Department of State������������� |
Foreign affairs -���� Thomas Jefferson |
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Department Of War |
Military matters -��� Henry Knox |
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Department Of Treasury |
Manage Finances -� Alexander Hamilton |
w Edmond Randolph- Attorney general, Chief lawyer of the federal government.
w Cabinet- Presidents chief advisors
Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
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HAMILTON Federalist- Aristocrats |
JEFFERESON Anti- Federalist- Democrates |
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Concentrating power in federal gov�ts |
Sharing power w/ state and local governments |
|
Fear of mob rule |
Fear of absolute power or ruler |
|
Strong national government |
Limited national government |
|
Republic of a wise elite |
Democracy of virtuous farmers and trades people |
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Loose interpretation of the constitution |
Strict interpretation of the constitution |
|
National bank constitutional |
National bank unconstitutional |
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Economy on shipping and manufacturing (ally Britain) |
Economy based on farming (ally France) |
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Payment of national and state debts (favoring creditors) |
Payment on only national debt (favoring debtors) |
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Supports merchants, manufactures, investors, lawyers |
Supports regular people |
Hamilton�s economic plan
w Hamilton�s job was to set in order the nations finances, to have a strong economy
w Proposed a national banking system
w Report of public credit- Hamilton�s journal that Americans were in debt millions $$$.
w Proposed to pay off debt by issuing new bonds to cover the old ones.
w Said that the federal government should assume all debts of the state.
w This angered a lot of people since many in the south already paid off their debt. They disagreed to this because they thought that there would be taxes in order to help pay the debt for the northern states.
Plan For a National Bank
w Hamilton�s suggestion for a National Bank.
w The national bank would be funded by federal government and wealthy private investors.
w This bank would issue paper money, and tax receipts.
w His plan was opposed by James Madison who said that the bank would create a bad relationship between government and the wealthy business interest. He also said since the constitution did not say a national bank, that the congress could not authorize it.
w Eventually Hamilton convinced Washington that majority of the congress accepts his views and the federal government established The Bank Of The United States
The District Of Columbia
w In order to win support of Hamilton�s Debt plan for the south he proposed moving the countries capitol from New York to a new city in the south.
w Pierre L�Enfant drew up plans for a new capitol in Potomac River.
w He was fired by Washington for having a bad attitude.
Federalist And Republicans
w The split in Washington�s cabinet gave rise to the first political parties.
w The two parties formed around the power and size of the federal government in relation to state and government.
w Hamilton�s supporters of strong central government were called Federalist.
w Jefferson�s supporters of strong state government were called republicans (later called democrats).
The Whiskey Rebellion
w Protective Tariff - An Import tax on goods produced in Europe.
w Excise Tax- A tax on a product�s manufacture, sale or distributor, to be levied on the manufacture of whiskey.
w The tax on whiskey mad people mad, in 1794 they refused to pay taxes.
Reaction To The French Revolution
w Radical group called Jacobson�s seized power in France.
w The Jacobson�s killed French King and started the reign of terror
w Republicans Wanted to honor treaty and help French while the federalist wanted to back the British.
w Washington declared that they were neutral
w French sent Edmond Genet to win American support
w He began to recruit Americans support for the war against Great Britain.
w Jefferson was considered a Radical and because of his consistent arguments with Hamilton he resigned from the cabinet.
Treaty With Spain
w The U.S. Wanted to secure land west of Appalachian�s to gain shipping rights on the Mississippi.
w Spain worried about the U.S. and Britain teaming up on Spain for the Louisiana territory so the U.S. ambassador Thomas Pinckney called for a treaty.
w Spain gave up all land to the east of the Mississippi except for Florida.
w Spain allowed the U.S. to trade along the Mississippi.
Fights In the Northwest
w Natives in the northwest never agreed to the Treaty of Paris (page 7).
w They claimed there own �tribal� lands and demanded negotiation with the U.S.
w General Josiah Harmer sent troops to the Natives who were led by Chief Little Turtle. The natives won. General Arthur St. Clair was also defeated by the natives.
Battle Of Fallen Timbers
w Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne (Mad Anthony) to lead federal troops against the Natives.
w Little Turtle was very impressed in the way that Wayne fought
w The other chiefs of the natives did not agree with Little Turtle and he was replaced.
w On August 20, 1794 Wayne defeated the Miami Confederacy (natives), at the battle of fallen timbers.
w This victory ended Native resistance in Ohio.
wThe Miami Confederacy signed �Treaty Of Greenville� agreeing to give up land in Ohio, in exchange for annual payment of $10,000.
Jays Treaty
w John Jay was in London to negotiate a treaty with London, the disputed issue was to decide which nation would control west of the Appalachians.
w The British abandoned their post in the Northwest�s territory in to prevent a war.
w This treaty outraged homes because it allowed the British to continue their fur trading.
w The U.S. thought that since they were neutral that they had a free passage through the Caribbean.� The British confiscated these ships that sailed through here, but the treaty did pass even though the Americans were mad.
Adams Tries To Avoid War
w Sectionalism- Placing the interest of one region over those of a nation as a whole.
w President Adams faces his first problem: the French war.
w The French started to seize ships because they thought of Jay�s treaty as a violation of the French-American alliance.
w Adams sent men to negotiate one of the men was:
w John Marshall (chief Justice)- was sent to talk to the French foreign minister but the French sent three lower level officials, who Adams called X,Y, and Z. The French wanted $250,000. This became the XYZ Affair- which created anti-French feeling at home. �Millions for Defense, but not one cent for tribute� was the slogan.
The Alien And Sedition Acts
w Adams said Republican ideas were dangerous to the nation.
w Adams saw a growing threat against the government so he created the �Alien and Sedition acts�.
w Three of these measures were, the Alien acts, which raised residence requirements for citizens from 5 to 14 years and allowed presidents to jail any alien he wanted.
w The fourth measure, the Sedition Act, allowed and set jail terms to anyone who criticized the government (by speech). Republicans said that this is a violation of freedom of speech guaranteed by the 1st amendment.
w Naturalization- Process which immigrant becomes a citizen.
Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions
w 2 main republicans, Jefferson and Madison organized opposition to the acts.
wThere oppositions were approved in Kentucky.
w The Kentucky Resolution asserted nullification which says that the state has right to void any act of congress.
w Virginia and Kentucky agreed that the acts were unconstitutional since they violated the 1st amendment.
w The issue died by the next election.
w Compact theory- ??????
|
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS |
VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKEY RESOLUTION |
|
w The president is authorized to deport or imprison an alien considered �dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States� |
w Virginia and Kentucky claimed the right to declare null and void the Alien and Sedition acts because they violated the bill of rights. |
|
w Fines and a prison sentence could be imposed on anyone trying to spread bad talk of the government or saying �false, scandalous and malicious statements� against the government. |
w Virginia and Kentucky claimed the right to declare null and void federal laws going beyond powers granted by the constitution to the central government. |
Outline #6
Pages 184-191
Jefferson Wins Presidential Election
w Fight for president in 1800 between Jefferson (republican) and Adams (federalist).
w Republicans saw Adams as wanting to turn the executive branch into a British Monarchy.
w Federalist saw Jefferson as a strong supporter of the French revolution.
w Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 Electoral votes.
w Aaron Burr- Jefferson�s running mate received same number of electoral votes as Jefferson, so the House of Representatives called to choose between to highest votes. Hamilton convinced federalist to vote for Jefferson. Burr becomes vice president.
w 12th amendment- called for electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president.
Simplifying Transfer Of Power
w Jefferson said that a simple government best suited the republic.
w He tried to shrink government and cut cost. (He was cheap)
w Eliminated all internal taxes and reduced influence of the bank of United States.
w Jefferson believed in free trade., and stressed education
Southern Dominance of politics
w Jefferson was first president to take office In Washington D.C.
Barbary Cast War
w Reestablished freedom of the seas
John Marshall And The Supreme Court
w Federalist support judicial branch.
w Judiciary Act of 1801: increased federal judges by 16. Adams filled these positions with federalist. Judges called �Midnight Judges�
w Adams appointed John Marshall as chief justice of the Supreme Court.
w With so many federalists, Jefferson and the republicans were angry.
Marbury Vs. Madison
w William Marbury, a federalist was one of Adams appointments, but never received the confirmed papers. When Marbury demanded for James Madison to deliver the papers, Madison refused.
w Since Marbury never got the papers, they create the judicial review: which is the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of congress unconstitutional.
Hamilton Duels with Burr
w Hamilton until now backed Jefferson instead of Burr. Now Hamilton is backing Burr�s opponents in the race for governor of New York. Hamilton called him �One not to be trusted with the reins of government�
w Burr killed Hamilton (really).
United States expansion to the west
w Americans continued to migrate west in great numbers.
w Many traveled on the Wilderness Road.
The Louisiana Purchase
w Napoleon encouraged Spain to return the Louisiana Territory, which they received from France in 1762.
w Jefferson feared a strong French presence and force an alliance with Britain.
w Jefferson tried to buy New Orleans and Florida from the French for 5 million.
w made a compromise and sold all this for $15 million (900,000 square miles). He said these lands can form �empire of liberty�
Lewis And Clark
w Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore their new territory.
w Took Sacajawea as an interpreter and a guide.
w Took Pike, Pikes Peak
Grievances Against Britain
w America was angry at the British who were engaging in impressments, which means that the British were sizing their ships and keeping them.
w Chesapeake incident- June 1807 the commander of British ships wanted to search the U.S. Ship Chesapeake. When the U.S. refused the British fired at them killing 3 wounding 18.
w Congress declares �embargo� which is ban on exporting product to other countries.
Grievances Against Native Americans
w War Hawks- Leaders: John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay.
w They were angry about the presence of natives.
w General William Henry Harrison invited natives to settle on for them to sign away 3 million acres of their land.
w Native chief, Tecumseh began to fight for their land. Harrison defeated them. They discovered that the natives were using weapons from British Canada they said �On to Canada!�
w Madison becomes president.
w He decides to go to war with the British.
Failure In Canada
w Americans were poorly prepared for war.
w Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British Fleet on Lake Erie.
British Burn The White House
w Redcoats got into Washington D.C.
w British burn white house, capitol and others.
w Andrew Jackson sends troops to defend New Orleans.
w Treaties of Ghent declared Armistice which is to stop the fighting.
Outline #7
Pages 198-208
Great Britain Starts A Revolution
w Industrial Revolution began in Britain.
w Inventors began to develop machines to produce power.
The Industrial Revolution IN The United States
w The primary source of income in America was international trade.
w After the embargo act, the U.S. went to war and a blockade from the British made it impossible to get their primary income. The alternative was to develop industries.
New England Industrializes
w England depends on shipping and foreign trade for income
w Samuel Slater established first mechanized textile factory.
w In 1813 Bostonians revolutionized the American textile industry by mechanizing all stages in making cloth.
Agriculture In The North
w As the cities grew farming changed.
w As the income and business was becoming self sufficient there was less need for slaves.
w In 1804 almost all states in the North abolished slavery
Cotton Becomes King In The South
w Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin.
w Could clean 50 times the amount of cotton in one day.
w Cotton became the thing
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
w When the slave importation declined during the American Revolution the demand for slaves increased.
w By 1808 slave traders brought back 250,000 additional slaves from Africa.
Clays Proposal
w It was important for a plan to unify the nation.
w Madison proposed a plan like this:
����������� - Establish a protective tariff
����������� - Resurrecting the national bank
- Sponsoring the development of transportation systems as well as other internal improvements.
w Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun backed Madison�s plan.
w They called it the �American System�
w Clay said that the system would unite the nation�s economic interest.
Tariffs And The National Bank
w They needed taxes to help pay for everything. Madison proposed the Tariff Of 1816.
w Northeaster�s welcomed the Tariff. The South and West did not want this because their industries did not rely on manufacturing.
w Clay (Kentucky), Calhoun (South Carolina), convinced them to approve the Tariff of 1816.
w The new national bank would create a currency guaranteed to be accepted nationwide.
w1816 congress voted to create second national bank for 20 year period.
Erie Canal And Other International Improvements
w The states funded the improvements of transportation.
wStates built turnpikes, which paid for itself through tolls.
w Government began building the National Road in 1811. By 1833 it extended from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vidalia Illinois.
The National Road
w The Erie Canal also known as �The Big Ditch�, is 363 miles long.
w They were pleased with the improvements. In 1816 they elected James Monroe (Virginia) as president.
w The newspaper �Columbian Centinel� said that America entered �Era of good Feeling�
The Supreme Court Boost National Power
w Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston got the right to use steamboats on rivers in New York.
w They created a monopoly on shipping through these ships.
w In the Gibbons v. Ogden case, Ogden believed that he was the only operator of the business. Ogden came along with a similar business. Ogden believed that Gibbons violated his exclusive rights by competing with his business. They went to court which said that Ogden�s exclusive rights were not legal.
Strengthening Government Economic Control
w McCulloch v. Maryland- just like Gibbons v. Ogden, court ruled in support for national government over the states government.
w Maryland gave huge taxes to the Bank of the U.S. in hope of them going out of business. The Chief Justice denied the right to tax the bank.
Limiting State Power
w Fletcher v. Peck-
w Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Territory And Boundaries
w Rush- Bagot treaty led to the United States and Canada to demilitarize their border.
w The convention of 1818 fixed the U.S. border at the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains.
w America got Florida from Don Luis de Onis.
The Monroe Doctrine
w Russia was in Alaska in 1784, they established trading post in California.
w Russian czar closed foreign vessels in using the coast.
w President Monroe warned all European powers not to interfere in the west. �The U.S. said that they will not involve themselves in European affairs, or interfere with colonies in the west. These became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
Expansion to the West
w Many people were moving to the west.
w Fordham wrote that �No white man or women will bear being called a servant� in the west.
w The North-West ordinance of 1787 laid out territory to obtain. The people of this territory could petition the Union for admission, draft a state constitution, elect representatives and become a part of the U.S.
The Missouri Compromise
w In 1819 Missouri requested to be part of the Union. The issue of conflict was slavery.
w Until 1818 U.S. had 10 free and 10 slave states.
w NY congressman James Tallmadge said the Missouri statehood bill required Missouri to free its slaves. The south thought this bill was a threat to their power and blocked the bill.
w South thought that the north was trying to abolish slavery which made north and south not so friendly.
w Henry Clay resolved this crisis with a series of agreements called The Missouri Compromise.
w Monroe signed the compromise in 1820.
Outline #8
Pages 209-219
Tension Between Adams and Jackson
w Jackson won most popular votes but lacked majority of electoral votes. The House of Reps didn�t know what to do.
w Henry Clay had a lot of power in the house. Jackson urged him to support him because he had the most popular votes. Clay did not like Jackson.
w Adams agreed with Clays American system. Adams was elected by majority of the states represented in the house.
w Jackson accused him of stealing the presidency because Clay was appointed secretary of state. Jackson said it was a corrupt bargain.
w Jackson left Republican Part and created Democratic Republican party today known ad the Democratic Party.
Jackson�s Appeal To The Common Citizen
w During 1828 election campaign, Jackson characterized Adams as an intellectual elitist. Jackson won the election by a landslide.
Jackson�s Spoils System
w He said that in order to give common people a chance in government, his appointees to federal jobs would serve only a 4 year term.
w �Rotation In Office� enabled him to give many jobs to his friends. He fired 10% of the federal employees and gave the jobs to his friends called the kitchen cabinet.
w� The spoil system- �to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy�. Income officials would throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends.
Indian Removal Act Of 1830
w Federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties to force the natives to move west.
w �Not only liberal, but generous�
The Trial Of Tears
w Worcester v. Georgia- Cherokee won all the rights that were their due.
w Court recognized them as distinct political community whose people of Georgia was not entitled to regulate by law and whose lands Georgia was not entitled to invade.
w Treaty Of Echota- Treaty gave 8 million acres of the Cherokee to the federal government, in exchange for 5 million and Oklahoma.
w In the beginning of November 1838 the Cherokee were sent off in groups of 1000 people. (800 miles to their next destination.)
w The Cherokee were dying along the path from hunger and bad weather. They buried their dead on the Trail of Tears. When they arrived to their destination the land was to harsh and were forced to leave.
The Nullification Theory
w Jackson�s vice president, John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) called the 1828 tariff a Tariff of abomination.
w The high tariff on manufactured goods reduced British Export to the U.S.
w Because of the decline of British goods, the south had to buy the more expensive goods from the north.
w Calhoun was in a dangerous position because as a nationalist spokesman he had to support this tariff.
w Calhoun devised a nullification theory which questioned the legalization of applying some federal laws in states. He argued that every state had the right to whether an act of the congress was constitutional. If the state did not agree that it was constitutional than the state could nullify it.
Hayne And Webster Debate States Rights
w The debate of the Tariff was discussed for more than a week in January 1830.
w Visitors listened to Robert Hayne (South Carolina) debate with Senator Daniel Webster (Massachusetts).
w The Key question was: was the union the creation of state legislatures or of the people? If it was the creation of the legislatures, Webster said that they should be entitled to control the union. He said the Union was �made for the people, by the people and answerable to the people.
w On April 13. Jackson said �Our union: it must be preserved� Calhoun replied with saying the opposite of Jackson.
South Carolina Rebels
w Congress passed a tariff law, which South Carolina found unacceptable. They threatened to withdraw from the union if they were charged the tax.
w Jackson called South Carolina�s actions an act of treason.
w Jackson forced congress to pass the Force Bill which allowed federal government to use army against South Carolina.
w Henry Clay jumped in and proposed to lower duties for a ten year period. Now the conflict was settled.
Jackson Opposes the Bank
w Jackson waged war on the Bank of the United States (BUS). He vetoed the bill to recharter it.
w The 2nd banks 20 year charter was not due until 1836 (1832 now) but Henry clay and Daniel Webster wanted to renew it early.
w Jackson saw the bank as a threat to the democracy. He thought it might bribe officials to elections.
w Nicholas Biddle, the banks president often extended loans to congressman at lower rates than regular people (he let his friends off).����������
Pet Banks
w Jackson told Martin Van Buren (future vice president), that the bank was the worst thing.
w After Jackson�s reelection he tried to eliminate the BUS before its recharter, by pressuring the secretary of treasury to withdraw all government deposits and put them in state banks called Pet banks. He refused so Jackson fired him and appointed a new secretary who agreed with Jackson.
w Nicholas Biddle tried to save the bank by saving money and not issuing new loans.�
w When the charter expired the Bus was lost.
Consequences of Jackson�s Policies
w Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed a political party called the Whig Party. Whigs were a group in Britain that tried to limit royal power.
Martin Van Buren
w Money printed was bad because they printed too much so people began buying land with that money. Jackson understood this and issued �Specie Circular� which made only gold and silver, acceptable payment for land.
w In 1837 NY banks stopped accepting paper money. IN the Panic of 1837, bank closed and cost many people to lose their savings.
w Van Buren tried to set up an independent treasury that would use only gold and silver coin. In 1840 congress established this treasury.
Harrison and Tyler
w Van Buren ran for reelection against William Henry Harrison (Whig party).
w John Tyler, Harrison vice, from Virginia, opposed many parts of the Whig program. .
A Legacy Of Two Parties
w People divided into 2 distinct parties. They were called either Jacksonian Democrats or as Whigs.
w There was a new style in politics in this time. The new politicians were appealed more to passion than to reason.
