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13 colonies
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Why? |
Places |
People |
Economy |
Other |
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Joint Stock Company |
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Sir Walter Raleigh John Smith Pocahontas Gov. De La Warr John Rolfe |
Tobacco |
Indentured servants |
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Religious freedom
Separatists Puritans |
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William Bradford |
Crops, fish |
Mayflower Compact Pilgrims Great Migration King Phillip�s War |
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Dissenters to |
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Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson |
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Separation of church and
state |
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Followers of |
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Fishing and farming |
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Safe Haven for Catholics |
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Lord Baltimore |
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Charter given to Noblemen |
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Shipbuilding Vacation spot |
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Anti-Puritan |
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Reverend Thomas Hooker |
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Pequot War |
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Social Experiment for the poor imprisoned |
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James Oglethorpe |
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Dutch owned but King
England gives to brother Duke of York. Duke of York takes after Dutch
realize not worth the fight |
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Duke of Peter Studysavnt |
Fur |
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Quakers |
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William Penn |
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�Penn�s Woods� |
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Quakers |
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William Penn |
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Ext. of |
Economies:
- Middle Colonies: �Bread
Basket Colonies�
- Southern Colonies: Cash
crops
French and Indian War:
Clash over
Colonial Legislation
Navigation Acts:
Only English/colonial ships trade in colonies; all enumerated goods only sold to
Sugar Act:
duties on foreign imports; �no taxation w/o representation�
Currency Act:
colonies can�t issue paper money
Stamp Act:
tax on all documents; Boycott on British imported goods � British merchants in
upheaval � repealed.
Declaratory Acts: Parliament may tax
colonies whenever wants
Townshend Acts:
trade duties on paper, glass, tea; boycott after refuse to stop opposition in
colonies; repealed
Tea Act:
East India Company;
Intolerable Acts: Massachusetts Gov. Act; Justice Act;
American Revolution
Articles of Confederation:
Powers of Continental Congress; no effective means of raising revenue
Ordinances of 1784 &
1785: lands of NW territory divided
1sq. mile blocks of 640 acres at $1.
Northwest Ordinance:
territorial rights to settlers to outline process of organizing state Gov. and
admission to
Shay�s Rebellion:
farmers in
Constitutional Convention:
strong central power
James Madison:
Father of Constitution
Virginia Plan:
bicameral;
population
House of Rep and Senate:
population to house and set 2 for senate (3/5
compromise)
Federalists:
Strong gov.
Anti-Federalists:
states rights
First Bank of US; Whiskey
Rebellion-federal tax on whiskey revolt-send troops; Federalists � Hamilton
(economic plan) Democratic-Republicans � Jefferson & Madison; XYZ Affair � US
diplomats in France asked to take bribe form Talleyrand; Alien & Sedition Acts �
deport foreign aliens during wartime and outlawed and one who conspired against
gov.; Virginia Kentucky Resolutions-introduce nullification as response to Alien
& Sedition Acts; Neutrality Act � no involve in foreign affairs; Indian
relations � inc in attempt to civilize and Handsome lake (Seneca Indians sexual
division); African relations-revolts
Olive Brach ext. to
Federalists; dec. gov. spending; cuts Whiskey Tax; lets Alien & Sedition Acts
expire; John Marshall and Marbury vs. Madison � Jefferson tells Madison not to
deliver papers of on �midnight judge� � Judiciary Act of 1789 � SC can force
president to do st but Marshall declares this unconstitutional = judicial
review; Louisiana Purchase � buys from Napoleon who willing to sell bc fighting
war and needs fast $; Prophet & Tecumseh � start of Indian organization to stop
US exp.; Start of War� Try to remain neutral but impressments �
Chesapeake affair (open fire on US ship) � Embargo Act of 1807 � no export form
US to any country � US hurt more than Britain � France takes advantage seizing
US ships saying thought disguised British ships.
JAMES MADISON
Non intercourse act- removes
embargo act and opens all trade except to Britain & France; War of 1812 � War
hawks (Henry Clay and Calhoun) � battle of New Orleans � strengthens US resolve
to stay our of foreign affairs.
JAMES MONROE
Mcullah vs Maryland-says
Maryland can�t tax the Baltimore branch of the US bank; Gibbons vs Ogdon-federal
gov supreme in regulating interstate commerce (breaks monopoly ny/nj steamboat
trade); Rush-Bagot treaty-US & England limit naval powers in Great Lakes; Monroe
Doctrine � No colonization in Western Hemisphere by European powers- good for
anti European sentiment (refused British involvement but its naval power helped
protect US monopoly); Missouri Compromise � Missouri slave state Maine free
state = maintained balance in congress; Boom & Bust Cycles � alt. Exp. And
contracting of economy � supply outstrip demand deflation; US postal service
funds telegraph
JOHN QUINCEY
Tariff of abominations;
build up roads, bridges and canals to make trade easier
ANDREW JACKSON
Tariff on manufactured goods
� South upset=nullification crisis-
American renaissance �
Dorothea Dix said insane need hospital not prison, Emma Willard founded 1st
women�s college, Temperance first union, Grmike sisters abolitionists, Frances
Wright colony for free blacks, Lucretia Mott vs slavery and pro women rights,
Elizabeth Stanton Declaration of
Sentiments equal women rights, William Lloyd Garrison vs Slavery
Liberator, Horace Mann public edu.,
William Ladd American Peace Society
congress of nations and international court, Harriet Tubmen Underground railroad
Whig Party � Created by
Henry Clay; Anti-Jacksonian; unstable bc only formed under common hatred.
VAN BUREN
Panic of 1837-over speculation, no Bank
of US, Specie circular (prevented payment for public land in any currency
besides gold silver or certain paper); Gag resolution � legislature can ignore
petitions abt slavery
POLK
MILLARD FILLMORE
Compromise of
1850-California=
FRANKLIN PIERCE
Commodore Perry Completes
trade pact with Japan ushering in Westernization; Kansas-Nebraska Bill �
Nebraska territory divided on 40th parallel btwn Kansas And Nebraska
� slavery issue decided by popular sovereignty (repeals Missouri compromise bc N
of 36�30�); bleeding Kansas � both pro slavery and anti slavery quickly migrate
to new territory to help popular sovereignty; Lecompton Constitution � allow
slavery � anti slavery refuses so pro slavery wins by landslide � congress
refuses to approve constitution.
JAMES BUCHANON
Dred Scot Decision � slaves
no citizens so Scot no right in court � Missouri Compromise unconstitutional �
only state may forbid slavery.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Lincoln-Douglass debates;
Douglass Freeport Doctrine � although slavery legal in all territories must b
supported by locality so no slavery N states (Democrats say no longer can
support Douglass); Harper�s Ferry � John Brown + 18 men capture federal arsenal
hoping to start slave rebellion � publicly executed for crime; Does not want
slavery to spread to new territories; doesn�t compromise on �Free Soil� issues
although upsets Southerners; Doesn�t accept Crittenden Compromise=start to
Southern secession;
CIVIL WAR
South Carolina secedes
followed by other S states in Confederate States of America president Jefferson
Davis (Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware no secede); Fort Sumter � fort in Southern
territory � Lincoln attempts to keep control but fighting breaks out and S take
control of Fort � Lincoln declares for conservation of Union bc South in sate of
rebellion; Battle of Bull Run; Grant (opens paths for N in Tennessee, Alabama
and Mississippi); Shiloh-Johnston vs Union � Union wins; Seven Days Battles -
McClellan (N) vs Lee (S) � Lee wins; Antietam � N wins but McClellan
hesitant so Lincoln replace him w Burnside; Fredericksburg � Burnside orders
attack on Lee on well fortified hills = bloodshed.
(Economic Nationalism) Morrill Land Grant Act � 30,000 acres of
land for further edu on engineering and agriculture; Homestead Act � cheap free
land to anyone who improve property; National Banking System � stabilize
currency and force banks to comply w currency; Confiscation Acts � Radical
suggestion to confiscate all property used for �insurrectionary purposes�; July
1862 confiscate any land of supporters of rebellion; Emancipation Proclamation-
helps to gain support of Europe who were leaning to side w S. Chancellerville �
Stonewall Jackson and Lee defeat N army; Vicksburg � Grant captures vital
fortress on Mississippi; Gettysburg; Disintegration of Confederate Unity;
Sherman�s March to Sea; Battle of Wilderness � Grant intent on getting Richmond
takes forces upon Lee�; Appomattox - Lee surrenders to Grant
RECONSTRUCTION
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction-1863 issued w/o consulting congress- 10% rule that as soon as 10%
of voting population takes oath and est. a gov will b recognized; Radical
Republicans � hate Lincoln leniency- 10% plan hasty � Rep. Thaddeus Stevens of
Penn and Charles Sumner of Mass.- �conquered provinces� and �state suicide�
Confederate states destroyed status as states and must b reverted to
�unorganized territory� status and treated as conquered land; Wad-Davis Bill �
1864 for state to readmitted to Union majority of white males participate in
gov, to vote must take an �iron clad� oath saying never helped with Confederate
war effort and all Confederate officers above rank of Lieutenants & civil
officials will be disenfranchised & considered non-citizens � Lincoln doesn�t
allow such harsh plan to put in place and utilizes pocket veto; Lincoln says
reconstruction experimental and adaptive; 13th amendment abolishes
slavery; Freedmen�s Bureau � supply food & medicine � builds schools � negotiate
employment contracts � manage confiscated lands � hated in South and debated in
DC bc of constitutionality � many agents corrupt; Share cropping � few former
slaves could afford land so rented- portion of harvest given to land owner in
return for food, land %supplies � looked hopeful but disaster bc owners
developed monopolies and farmers inc. in debt; Overproduction of cotton �
depressed S economy bc during war Europe found other sources of cotton and S no
needed. Assassination by John Wilkes Booth
JOHNSON
Tennessee politician who no
follow state into secession so Lincoln war gov of Tennessee � states rights &
small gov � white supremacy � no favor civil political rights for blacks (cant
force state to give suffrage to blacks); Congress on break when put into power
so all control for * months; Continued Lincoln�s leniency � �special pardons� �
state gov new constitutions - swayed
by flattery & bribery; Congressional � Republican from moderate to radical � S
states should b subject to provisional congressional supervision; Radicals �
democratize S by creating public edu. and civil rights; 14th
amendment � citizenship to freedmen, Confederate debt became US debt and
Confederate leaders cannot hold state or federal positions; First Reconstruction
Act 1867 = martial law; Ku Klux Clan; Purchase Alaska from Russia; Tenure Office
Act says that all officials appointed by President can only b removed w consent
of congress � Johnson fires Stanton and is impeached � barely keeps office w
minimal power.
Carpetbaggers- Northerners
moved south to gain political power
GRANT
(tales of him in military greatly fantasized)
15th amendment
forbids stats to deny vote bc of race � ambiguous bc so many laws preventing
people to vote; First Transcontinental Railroad encouraged by large federal
grants but marred by corruption � Credit Mobilier was a corporation that formed
the Finance Pacific Railroad and corruption hidden from gov by bribing; Whiskey
Ring robbed treasury of millions by revenue officials taking less money for tax
instead of treasury � sec among guilty, tweed Ring dealt w Tammany Hall a
Democratic Club who controlled NY politics; Panic of 1873
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
Won et lost electoral vote
Assassinated by insane gov
job seeker
Pendleton Act in response to
GROVER CLEEVLAND
(2 terms but
Mills Bill; Pullman Strike �
Pullman Co. fires employees
then hires back for lower wages � Debs gathers up union to strike & boycott �
Federal gov declares that Deb cant communicate w strikers but needs to and tells
them not to stop; AFL (Samuel Gompers) for skilled workers wo political agenda;
Labor unions for lower wages, shorter hours, safe conditions and seasonal
employment; Knights of Labor(KOL) union of skilled and unskilled workers
(Terence vs Powderly) w political agenda; Haymarket Riot 1886 gather, bomb
thrown, many killed, [public opinion vs labor movements � Judge Joseph Gary
convicts 8 men et some not there physically � KOL dwindles; Grangers is
organization of local politicians who would go �help� farmers to gain support �
meeting abt new machinery � used political influence to force state legislators
to regulate unfair monopolies and railroads �
Munn vs Illinois (worst for Grangers
bc fixed rate for storage grains in warehouses) &
Wabash vs Illinois; Interstate Commerce Act 1887 saying railroads
must b reasonable and just w no special advantages or preferences, pooling
forbidden and no more charge longer haul more shorter haul, schedule rates 10
days advance � must b approved by ICC; ICA first Federal Law to regulate private
business; Wilson-Gorman Tariff;
Hawaiian incident and Venezuelan Boundary dispute.
BENJAMIN HARRISON
Secretary of State Blaine
Samoa � England US Germany
fighting for naval power and coaling � England agrees to withdraw bc Germany
said give territory in Africa; Bering Sea � US Russia insist on arbitration
regarding over-hunting Alaskan Seal; Latin America � Blaine pushes �Reciprocity
of Tariffs� to monopolize its markets � US wont duty Latin America market of
don�t duty US (pushes Britain out).
Populist Party is in
response to overproduction and unhappy factions who r annoyed w republicans;
Omaha Platform calls for graduated income tax, direct election of senators,
secret ballot, merit system, restricted immigration, 8 hour day, free coinage of
silver in 16:1 ratio.
WILLIAM MCKINLEY
(groomed in election by wealthy Marcus Hanna)
Spanish American War �
Spanish rule in Cuba cruel and many rebellions which unnerved American investors
whose sugar crop wealth at stake � Yellow Journalism (Hearst & Pulitzer) �
battle ship explodes in Havana Harbor and US quick to say Spanish attacked �
public wants war � 4 points of war message are that recognize Cuba independence,
Spain withdraw, president can do all that it wants to achieve points, US no
annex Cuba � Teddy Roosevelt resigns as ass. Sec state to join in fight in
�Rough Riders� et old which gains popularity in upcoming election � Treaty of
Paris says Spain give up Cuba, US gets Philippines for $20 million and Spain
gives up Puerto Rico and Guam � barely ratified by senate; Philippines �
expecting self rule like Cuba but wage guerilla campaign under Emilio Aquinaldo
� Jones Act 1916 says that all males can vote if can write or read English or
Spanish � Tydings-McDuffie Act 1935 draws up constitution � 1946 independence;
Puerto Rico � Faracher Act 1900 elected native assembly and in 1953 free
commonwealth status; Cuba impendence 1900 � Platt Amendment says no treaty that
endangers independence, borrow no money beyond repay, sell and lease coaling
stations to US, SU naval base. Insular Case; Insular Case � Us constitution
isn�t legitimate for new territories; Open Door policy � sec state John Hay gets
approval of Europe that no restrict trade in China but open to everyone; Boxer
Rebellion � Order of the Patriotic & Harmonious Fists is Chinese nationalists
who tried to rid China of Foreign influence to tale hostage Foreign embassies
but John Jay tactfully states that US no desire to divide China just to restore
order (free hostages) � Us no accept money from China bc of incident.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Panama Canal � John Hay
makes treaty w England Hay-Pauncefote Treaty that allows them to negotiate w
Columbia over Panama � US offers Panama great deal for just 6 miles strip of
land � Columbia refuses - US tells Panama to revolt and will support _ they
rebel and US buys; Trust Problem � Sherman Anti Trust Act failed and TR believed
bc denied people �square deal� � since couldn�t get congress to pass new
legislation on trusts he brought suit to the Northern Securities Company
(controlled at NW railroads) � SC ruled and was dissolved = TR�s 1st
victory vs trusts � also takes down standard oil, tobacco, beef � wasn�t vs big
business just ones that operate vs law; Coal strike 1902 � 140,000 miners go on
strike in PA bc want &300 yearly, poor living conditions, paid for 3,000lb.
tons, supplies like dynamite and shovels were paid off by workers and some mines
only paid �token $� � TR sees public as victim bc winter coming so brings labor
force & owners together to negotiate � mine owners refuse to accept deal �
almost winter so TR tells JP Morgan if strike not settled send in army to
operate mines � make deal %10 rate fix; Forest Reserve Act 1891 allowed
president to close timber areas to settlers and declare national parks;
Newland�s (Reclamation) Act is that $ received from Western land used for
irrigation construction; Corollary to
Monroe Doctrine is that US will plat �policeman� role in Latin America �
will act as debt collector; Gentlemen�s agreement is that segregation of
Japanese in San Francisco will end if Japan stop allowing laborers to immigrate;
Root-Takihara is that Us recognizes Japans claim on Philippines and Japan
recognizes Us claims on Manchuria and Korea; Hepburn Act 1906 was to strengthen
Interstate Commerce Act so commission increased to 7%, ext. of authority, rates
can b fixed by gov, rebates & free passes forbidden and most important that even
if railroads sue, federal actions still carried out during legal proceedings;
Pure food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act � muckrakers were writers and
journalists rallying on issues of sanitation like St. Claire �Jungle�. (Hague
Conferences � called by
TAFT
(Hard to follow TR footsteps
bc faultless); lost support of his party when supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
� a tariff so restrictive that republicans turned against him and joined
democrats = anti-Taft coalition
WOODROW
16th Amendment �
congress can est. income tax (1913)
17th Amendment �
direct election of senators (1913)
18th amendment �
prohibition (1919/1920)
19th amendments �
vote to women (before some individual states had voting rights) (1920)
History of Women � 1600s &
1700 had no political power and only had land if father or husband died �
pre-revolutionary war daughters of liberty � 1830�s women start taking political
roles bc 2nd Great Awakening � pre-civil war they connect with
abolitionists and stand on issues like temperance and education � after civil
war start fighting for voting rights; Underwood tariff � finally successful in
switching protectionist tariff into revenue where rates were reduced on
necessities and raised in luxuries � source of contention btwn parties settles
temporarily � but WW1 breaks out soon after bill signed so European imports
dwindle making tariff largely ineffective as revenue; Federal Reserve System
(Glass-Owen Act) 1913 helped to create a publicly controlled banking system that
worked for business not as masters � nation divided into 12 federal reserves,
all national banks must join & deposit 6% of capital. Only banks can do business
w reserve � Federal Reserve Board appointed to regulate rediscount rate � money
can be transferred from any federal reserve bank to any other; Federal Trade
Commission 1914 � can authorize vs unfair business practices- warn & advise
companies how to stay w/in law; Clayton Anti-Trust Act corrected weaknesses in
Sherman Act � it forbade: direct rates that lessen competition, ownership of a
competitors stock, tying contracts & price cutting below cost.
Dollar Diplomacy was
attitude towards gov in S based wholly on economic interests and large scale US
business dominated economic 7 political trends in certain countries; Nicaragua �
stationed marines to ensure Su loans repaid; Dominican � Wilson sends troops to
est. a military gov of revolution and financial chaos; Haiti � US troops take
over island till debts paid off; Virgin Islands � Wilson buys for $25 million in
order to keep from Germany; Mexico � Wilson orders blockade of Veracus on order
to dissuade shipment of German arms to Mexico so marines ultimately occupy city
World War І
Zimmerman note � German
foreign minister sends note to embassy in Mexico promising Mexico it�s lost in
territory in US and they support Germany = US enters war;
Lustiana � a British ship carrying
Americans and rifle cartridges is sunk by German U-boats off of Ireland � Wilson
protests claiming rights as neutral country; Sussex Pledge � Germany pledges to
cease attack on neutral Americans, if the allies pledge to observe international
law in their neutral practices � Germans renegotiate on this pledge which leads
Wilson to war; Adamson Act � in order to avert a wartime strike of railroad
workers, Congress passes this act which grants workers 8 hour day w no pay
decrease and 1.5 for overtime � act also allows president to assume control of
railroads in case of emergency; War Industries board supervises all war
industries; Lever Food & Fuel Act � Herbert Hoover commissioner � can fix
process on staples and no grain for alcohol; Great Migration; Overman Act is
president can create or abolish executive bureaus and agency offices � do what
think best for conduct of war and only in affect during wartime; Wilson 14
points/ �only possible program for peace�: open treaties that are openly arrived
at, absolute freedom of seas in war & peace, No barriers to international trade
(tariffs & quotas), armaments only for defense and peace keeping,
self-determination and a general association of nations; Allied Expeditionary
Forces (AEF) lead by Pershing � troops arrive at point when allies offensive
potential is non-existent � starts at 200,000 troops and ends at 2,000,000;
(Ch�teau-Thierry defensive, Belleua Woos 27,500 US troops w French = successful
counter attack, Second Battle of Marne defensive 85,000 US troops, German
offensive stopped august 1918, The Somme offensive 54,000 US troops w British,
Ypres offensive 108,000 US troops w British, St. Mihiel offensive 550,000 US
troops wiped out dangerous salient S of Verdun and Meuse-Argonne offensive
1,200,000 US troops); Treaty of Versailles 1918 - Wilson makes plea to American
people to elect a democratic congress to ensure no bi-partition in peace making
but plan backfires bc many think attempt to take over state sovereignty (should
of predicted republican desire in peace making) � Wilson only brings one
republican w him to Paris and no senators � Wilson in order to get League of
Nations written into treat accepts some conditions that republicans will not
agree to � ultimately senate does not ratify.
WARREN G. HARDING
(republican)
Ran on platform �return to
normalcy� where as Democrats ran on platform to ratify treats
- public overwhelmingly supports republicans � f1st election women vote;
Washington-Conference 1922 � ease tensions in far east- US, China, France, UK,
Japan, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal and Belgium � limit naval powers by ration,
however, only capital ships included � respect each others rights to Pacific �
China sovereignty will be respected; Fordney-McCumber Tariff � republicans
anxious to return protection however at this point rest of world is retaliating
own protections.
CALVIN COOLIDGE
Kellog-Briand Pact 1928 �
pledge to reject war as an instrument of international policy � signed by 62
nations � no force to back this up � save moral influence of world opinion.
HERBERT HOOVER
(platform of prohibition and tariff)
National Origins Immigration
Act 1929 est. policy of immigration control � special preference given to
certain nations, occupations and education - no Asians; (McCarran-Walter Act
1952 removed restriction on Asians); (Immigration of 1965 removed ethnic quota
and sets a �global quota�);
Panic and Depression /
GREAT DEPRESSION
Causes: over-speculation in
securities (stocks) bc the middle income group entered the market during the
�gilded age�. They bought stock �10� meaning they paid $50 on a $500 stock. Thus
the price of stocks rose, but not value. War impoverished
Results: 15 million
unemployed, bankrupt railroads, $132 billion in national loss btwn 1930-1938,
Hooversvilles (shanty towns outside cities bc can�t pay rent), � of farms lost
to mortgages.
Hoover�s response: business
owners urged to maintain payroll, Federal Farm Board attempts to stabilize
prices, July 1932 Relief & Construction Act made available $3 billion for public
workers; Hawley-Smoot tariff � Hoover wanted slight revisions, but was given a
tariff that pushed protectionism to new heights. In response nations put tariffs
against US goods.
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
Elected on platform
promising a �new deal� and treat Depression like an emergency as real as war.
Repeal of Prohibition, decreased spending, aid to farmers and bank & stock
reform (democratic sweep in Congress so agree to everything).
The New Deal
� vast program of legislation designed to assume burden of lifting nation out of
debt = 100 days.
Financial measures
Emergency Banking Relief Act
1933 closed all banks for 4 days so they may be inspected � strung enough to
survive
Federal Securities Act
1933-1934 was for the stock market that securities offered for sale must be
accompanied by full accurate info.
Gold Standard removed gold
standard to stabilize dollar value and inc. Treasury by calling in all gold &
gold certificates (all $ money backed by federal gov)
Banking Acts of 1933 said
Federal Reserve given more control � the Federal Deposit Insurance Company
(FDIC) est. and investment and commercial banking separated.
Unemployment
Workers Progress
Administration 1935 (WPA) put actors, writers, painters and musicians to work in
their own fields. Conservatives didn�t like but public did.
Public Works Administration
(PWA) created construction jobs for schools, hospitals and Grand Coulee Dam on
Housing
Home Owners Loan Act 1934
lowered rates over larger periods and reduced foreclosure
National Housing Act 1934,
Federal Housing Authority (FHA) encourages banks to make loans for homes and
business.
National Housing Act 1937
the US Housing Authority (USHA) cleans outs slums & offers housing to low income
families.
Agriculture
Agricultural Adjustment Act
1933 (AAA) raised money to pay farmers not to produce more in an effort to solve
the problem of overproduction. Deemed unconstitutional bc money to pay farmers
was raised by taxing companies that used farm products. Alter versions removed
this tax & allowed farmers to choose if they wanted to participate.
Labor
Wagner-Connery Act 1935
guaranteed labor�s rights to organize & bargain collectively. The National Labor
Relations Board (NLRB) was set up to ensure labor�s rights and effectiveness of
organization. Said illegal for employers to discourage union membership.
Business & industry
National Industrial Recovery
Act 1933 restored prosperity by organizing businesses under Fair Trade Codes.
Emphasis on holding prices down. Although good attempt it was too large and
unwieldy to survive. SC = unconstitutional.
WWІІ
1932 Stimson Doctrine -
decries Japan�s aggressions in Manchuria � defies Kellog-Briand pact and
withdraws from League of Nations; Neutrality Acts 1938-1939 � once president has
acknowledged war has broken out US will not sell weapons to combatants; 1938
Japans denounces S Powers Pact & congress appropriates 1 billion to start
constructing a 2 year navy; Neutrality Act 1939 �Cash & Carry�; Selective
Service Act 1940; Land-Lease Act 1941 said the president can dispose war
material how sees fit, even to England; Atlantic Charter 1941 said US & Britain
seek no territory, Re adjustment of territory must comply w wishes of
inhabitants, self-determination, lower trade barriers, disarmament of
aggressors, freedom from fear, freedom of seas and association of nations; Pearl
Harbor; Tehran Conference 1942 was tentative plans to begin peace process;
Breton Woods Conference 1944 est. the IMF; Yalta Conference 1945 plans to create
a quick end to war and agreement so allow self-determination in liberated
countries (Stalin reneges on later pledge); San Francisco Conference the Un
charter written and senate ratifies 89-2
HARRY TRUMAN
(democrat)
Taft-Hartley Act 1947 �
Republican congress attempt to balance out Wagner act by legislating for
management � union can b sued for breach of contract, �closed shop� is illegal
(a worker cannot join the union before he is hired), unions must submit
financial reports to public authorities, �check off� system illegal (unions
clues cannot be deducted from checks) and National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
can issue a strike injunction.
COLD WAR =Stall Communist
Exp. In
Truman Doctrine 1947 begins
to aid Greece & turkey bc assumption totalitarian regimes threaten world peace =
UN peace-opposes aggressive communism; Marshall Plan 1947 is an economic
recovery plan of $24 billion- rebuild European infrastructure - stable economic
nations are less vulnerable to communism; Berlin airlift- population of West
Berlin supplied, despite communist blockade, by airdrops form Britain and US;
NATO says an armed attack on one or more in European or NA shall be considered
an attack vs all. (
EISENHOWER
(republican)
Brown vs Board of Edu. of
Topeka � stopped segregation in public schools; South East Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) US, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand,
Pakistan and Philippines unite under any threat of armed aggression (disrupted
in Vietnam war�dissolved); Suez Crisis � Nasser took over canal = huge blow to
Britain and France and attacked � Russia said intervene � UN and US disapprove �
hurt Anglo-American relations and gave Nasser great control of Middle East;
Eisenhower Doctrine gave economic an financial aid to any mid-eastern country
who asked (stop communism) and support of US forces to resist or stop aggression
� restored order in Lebanon in 1958; (U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia = rift
btwn US and Russia)
JOHN F. KENNEDY
Alliance of Progress to
improve standard living in Latin America; Peace Corps est.; Cuban Missile Crisis
� (1959 Castro overtook control of Cuba & est. close ties with Soviets receiving
military assistance) � 1961 invading force of Cuban refugees trained by US
landed at Bay of Pigs on S shore of Cuba � no air cover and supply ship sunk by
Cuban air force and abortive attack smothered � 400 killed and 1,200 prisoners �
Castro blamed US bc invasion attempt � 1962 Kennedy announced USSR placed
ballistic missiles and jet bombers in Cuba (100 miles from Cuba) � est. air-sea
blockade until removed- 5days Soviet Khrushchev said withdraw if US pledge no
invade Cuba � US agreed; Kennedy assassinated by ???? Oswald???? (Big question
bc Rubenstein shot him).
LYNDON B. JOHNSON
Cuban Policy � Johnson said
U2 spy planes still spy Cuba � Castro says shoot them down � Johnson made clear
severe action if shoot down � restrict trade w Cuba hoping to force Castro out
of power � concern w communism � after cold war situation didn�t get better;
Wesberry vs Sandersall congressional district same number of voters (on vote
weighed more than other) but population growth caused many not to listen; Baker
v Carr said election districts w/in each state, which members of lower house
sate legislature sent, = population- both based on 14th amendment
that says = under law; Martin Luther King and civil rights; Civil Rights act
1964 � literacy test, Voting Rights Act of 1965 made sure no racial
discrimination at polls, public accommodations such as food no discrimination,
no discrimination on projects involving federal funds and employment agencies
cant discriminate; Medicare � payment for medical expenses if 65 or older;
Medicaid � payment for medical expenses for low-income families; Immigration Act
1965 � standard # of immigrants each year; Urban Riots � Johnson �to prevent
separate and unequal societies will require Americans to have new attitudes, new
understanding, and above all, new will.�; Vietnam War begins.
RICHARD M. NIXON
Moon landing � (Soviets
Sputnik, US Explorer 1) 1969 Neil Armstrong and Colonel E. Aldrin, Jr. landed
Apollo 11 on moon; 26th Amendment � voting age 18; 27th
Amendment = protection under law for women too; trade embargo on Vietnam after
war; Amtrak; War on inflation � prices, wages and rents ere frozen, US dollar no
= amt in gold, pay raises for federal employees postponed,�New Economic Policy
in place; Pentagon Papers suit brought
saying cant write vs gov declared constitutional; Clean Air Act and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) est.
Cold War
Summit Conference in China
ended hostile relation btwn US and China; Summit Conference USSR; Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks; Watergate 1972 � 5 men arrested for breaking into Democratic
part headquarters � start of �dirty tricks� connected to white house � committee
set up to investigate affair and stop further abuses � many people were exposed
of their dirty tricks � President, white House staff and committee to reelect
president under cloud of influencing IRS to give special attention. To tax
returns of listed enemies to Nixon � they were burglarizing, bugging and
wiretapping against dissenting demonstrators and gov employees and news reports
and invoking principle theory that can override the constitution. Ervin
(chairman of committee) asked for tapes installed in Nixon�s office that taped
conversations � president refused � special prosecutor Cox was appointed by
Nixon to prosecute wo interference but soon found out Nixon withholding evidence
� 1973 Court of Appeals ordered Nixon to deliver tapes � had 5 days grace to
appeal case to SC but during 5 days Cox fired, Attorney general Richardson
resigned, Deputy Attorney Ruckelshaus fired and Robert Book appointed acting
attorney General. Instead of taking to SC Nixon said give over n9 tapes wanted �
tapes were missing info though. Impeachment was brought abt and finally Nixon
gave over tapes that linked him to Watergate for covering up. Instead of being
impeached he resigned. VP Agnew resigned; Yom Kippur War; Energy Crisis.
GERALD R. FORD
Pardoned Nixon; Seniority
System was to reorganize Ways & Means Committee, which chose members to serve on
House committees; Federal Campaign Finance Law � set up Federal Election
Commission w power to investigate alleged violations of the law and carry out
its many provisions � few provisions: impose fines up to $10,000 per violation
in a civil case and criminal cases handled by Dept. Of Justice, Political
Actions Committees formed by unions and corporations no contribute more than
$5,000 per person, individual may contribute any amt to support candidate but if
over $100 must commit that no organization involved, if Union or corporation
spend over $2,000 amount must be disclosed; Consolidated Rail Corporation
(CONRAIL) combined7 railroads in NE to revitalize service = freight service as
oppose to Amtrak passenger service.
JAMES E. CARTER
Camp David Accord organized
by Carter between Sadat and Begin = success; SALT 2; Three mile island nuclear
plant; Energy plan; American Embassy at Teheran 52 taken hostage under Khomeini
� Carter negotiates to free.
RONALD REAGAN
Regananomics � cut $35
billion from budgets of social welfare programs bc thought state & local gov and
voluntary organizations should provide for that � supply-side economics which
said cuts in income tax = stimulate new investments (increase supply rather than
demand)- successful bc economy begin to revive; Federal budget deficits %8.3
rise in military spending still fearful of Soviets = very unbalanced federal
budget diff btwn took in and spent $200 billion/year �but wouldn�t support tax
increase and refused to lower social security benefits = National debt but many
foreign nations wanted to lend money bc high interest rates for foreign trade=
Economic growth. He took care of the immediate unemployment by cutting federal
budget and low interest rates in banks but by and large he was really creating a
large federal deficit because increased the military� (took away funding for
education�); Stock market Crash in 1987; Reagan helped create economic short
term boom but his unbalanced budget is still being fought today; Major Social
changes = education reform, equality w sexes bc women earning $$$$$$$, Brady Act
(limited hand guns), SC Justice woman Sandra Day O� Connor.
