World War I


	World War I

� Conflicting national interests = war

� �international anarchy�

- decades before 1914

- each nation in Europe pursued policies � no regard for anyone

- set stage for war

- intense rivalries increased

� Nationalism and Imperialism

- nationalists attempted to unite under govt. controlled by their ppl.

- not likely b/c each govt. ruled many nationalities

- imperialist nations = at brink of war � scrambled to partition Africa for themselves

� Militarism

- glorification of armed strength�dominated thinking of European leaders pre-WWI

- only the use of force could solve problems among nations

- weaker nations lost out

- late 1800s � European nations used Prussian army techniques

- if one nation mobilized (organized its resources for combat) other nations would mobilize their own protection � cycle

- as rivalries intensified �necessary to keep armed forces stronger

- Germany built up larger navy = Fr., US, Japan, GB, + Italy � expanded navy

� The System of Alliances

Alliance/treaty:	Members	About:
The Triple Alliance	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy	1882�Bismarck agreed=Italy request � Bis. was scared Fr. would seek revenge=isolated Fr.� upset balance of power
Dual Alliance	Germany, Austria-Hungary	1879�Bis. formed mutual defense pact
3 Emperors� League	Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary(AH)	1881�Bis. set up a secret agreement
The Reinsurance Treaty	Russia, Germany	- 1885�Balkan crisis�Bulgarian nationalism, E. Rumelia�dissolution of 3 Emperors� League. - Russian nationalists demand to make alliance w/Fr.� govt. hesitated - Germany suggested treaty/excluding AH - treaty in 1887 � neutrality if Russia or Germany had defensive war
The Triple Entente (entente � friendly understanding or agreement between nation)	GB, Russia, France	- GB was looking for allies - Fr. also trying to gain allies - Russia = econ. Crisis � Fr. assisted - 1894 � Fr. +Russia = alliance - 1904 � GB +Fr. reach agreement over Egypt +Morocco - difficult for Russia+GB=rivalry in Middle East -1907 � The Triple Entente formed

� Dangers of alliance system

- 1907 alliance threatened world peace � � Europe into 2 camps

- if there were hostilities � 6 nations involved in war

� the Balkan powder keg

� Nationalists in Serbia

- Serbia = independent in 1878�make large Slavic state

- wanted Slavic states under Ottoman and AH rule

- wanted Bosnia +Herzegovina�provided outlet to Adriatic Sea

- 1878 � Cong. of Berlin = 2 states = AH

- 1908 � AH annexed Bos.+Herz.= angry Serbs

- Russia supported Serbian nationalists = GB against Pan-Slavism

- Rivalries = high tensions in Balkans

� Stronger Triple Alliance

- William II negotiated to add Ottoman Empire to alliance = stronger alliance, more German influence in Balkans

- Ger. planned railroad, extends from Berlin�Balkans�Constantinople�Baghdad (Persian Gulf) = threat to Suez Canal +GB � railroad would provide better route

- Ger. became strong protector of Ottoman Empire=diminish Russia chance of securing access to Mediterranean through the Dardanelles

- Germany=complicated +confused Balkan situation

- GB+Russia=stronger alliance

- Ger.+ Pan-Slavism=stronger alliance

	War of July 28, 1914		Allies:
Causes:		- Heir to AH throne � Archduke Francis Ferdinand +wife visited Sarajevo=goodwill mission � killed by Gavrilo Princip � member of Black Hand � secret society of Serbian nationalists ≠ AH - AH guaranteed Ger. support if Russia helped Serbia - AH presented Serbia w/ultimatum �if rejected AH will use force	AH vs. Serbia
AH vs. Serbia:		- The ultimatum: 1. Serbian govt. to condemn propaganda against AH +suppress anti-AH societies 2. ban anti-AH teachers +books from schools 3. dismiss any anti-AH officials 4. AH judges conduct trials of criminals at Sarajevo 5. Serbia to accept all terms within 48 hours or AH would declare war - Serbia excepted terms except last 2 �offered to submit dispute to international court at The Hague �assuming that AH would not accept, mobilized army - AH declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914	AH vs. Serbia
Mobilization of Europe:		- Attempts to stop war failed - Germany supported AH - Russia joined Serbia +sent troops to Ger. border �Germany demanded disbanding of Russian troops �Russia ignored ultimatum = Ger. declared war, August 1, 1914+declared war on Fr. 2 days later	Germany +AH vs. Russia, Serbia, +Fr.
GB enters war:		- 1839 � the great powers guaranteed Belgian neutrality, terms of guarantee = neutrality +protection - Belgium location = important to Germany - Ger. planned to mobilize, strike, +knock Fr. out of war before Russia attacked� wanted to launch attack from Belgium-geographically better - GB protested � August 4, 1914, Ger. soldiers march into Belgium = GB declared war on Ger.	GB, Russia, +Fr. vs. Germany +AH
Expansion of war:		- 6 weeks after Sarajevo assassination, Japan entered war on the side of GB +Fr. - Italy neutral for 9months but govt. ≠ AH +Ger. - May 1915 � Italy entered war�signed secret treaties w/GB, Fr., +Russia = guaranteed Italy a share of spoils - November 1914 �Ottoman Empire joined Ger.+ AH � now held strategic position = prevented Russian allies from sending supplies through Mediterranean +Black seas - October 1915 � Bulgaria enters war w/Ger.	Italy, Germany, Fr., Russia, +Japan vs. AH, Ger., Bulgaria, +Ottoman Empire

� The Belligerents

Name:

Central Powers

Allied Powers / Allies

Allies:

Germany, AH, Bulgaria, +Ottoman Empire

GB, France, Russia, Italy, Japan +(1916 � Greece, Romania) = 32 countries

Advantages:

- Formed a solid block of territory from North Sea to the Middle East

- advantage for easy communication and rapid troop movements

- Ger.= organized, trained equipped army

- no geographical advantage

- more soldiers +greater industrial potential

- controlled the seas

- could easily obtain food and raw material �blockade+starve Central Powers

� Innovations in warfare

� WWI industrialized war

- Machine gun � most important weapon, very deadly

- 1916 � GB introduced a tank = armored vehicle, troops-break through enemy lines

- airplane � used for observing troop movements, dropping explosives

- submarines � U-boats damage Allied shipping

- poison gas � Ger.

- WWI � fought by civilians

- propaganda � ideas, rumors spread deliberately to cause damage, to further a cause

- media �enemy to be evil, subhuman, praised national aims +achievements

� War from 1914 to 1916

� Battle of Marne

- Ger. attacked Fr. �almost reached Paris (Marne River) but Fr. saved Paris

- Ger. hopes of quick victory ended

- Russia(Russ.) completed quick mobilization �had one army toward Budapest +second army moved through East Prussia �threatened Baltic seaport of Danzig

- Second Russ. Army met Ger. force �battle at Tannenberg, E.Prussia

- Russ.<Germany� Russ. retreated �Ger. launched offensive attack = drove Russ. out of Ger. into Poland

� The Gallipoli campaign

- Russ. � large army, no guns

- 1915 � GB +Fr. = help Russ. �would attempt to force through the Dardanelles +capture Constantinople on the Bosporus +Sea of Marmara

- GB +Fr. =heavy fighting �5 days later troops landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula in effort to establish foothold on the beach

- 8 months later =loss of 145,000 for Allies �abandoned Gallipoli

� Naval warfare

- GB had not achieved victory on land �decided to blockade the North Sea to keep merchant ships from reaching Ger.

- Blockade = GB attempt to starve Ger. ppl.

- Ger. set up blockade of U-boats = sunk ships carrying food+supplies to GB

- May 1915 � Ger. sub sunk GB passenger liner Lusitania=coast of Irleland

1. Sinking of Lusitania�1,200 dead, included 128 Americans

2. Woodrow Wilson � US pres. warned Ger. that US would not tolerate it

3. Ger. began using sub warfare sparingly�not to provoke neutral US

- May 1916 � large naval battle, Ger. vs. GB=coast of Jutland in North Sea� no side won = Ger. navy retired into the Baltic Sea=remained until end of war

� The War of Stalemate

� A War of attrition � slow wearing down process�which side would win first

- 1916 � Verdun, Fr. � Ger. attacked city=use city as offensive to destroy Fr. army

- 6months fighting � Ger. gave up on Verdun�casualties=330,000Ger., 350,000Fr.

� The role of the US

WWI began in 1914� US declared neutrality=European affair

� Trade with the belligerents

- US supplier of food, supplies+ammunition=US had right to conduct business

- Contraband � war materials supplied by a neutral to a belligerent � could be seized

- US govt. =could not lend money

- Soon US traded only w/Allies�b/c of GB blockade on Ger.

� American entry into the war

- US heard of German atrocities in war �untrue b/c new came from GB=angry ppl.

- Jan. 1917 � Ger. foreign minister, Alfred Zimmermann, sent secret telegraph to Ger. ambassador in Mexico. Instructed him to draw Mexico into war on Ger. side= Mexico would receive southwestern US territories lost in 1848 �GB intercepted message, sent to Washington newspaper=angry Americans

- Ger. decided to resume sub warfare=shot down even neutral ships

- March 1917 � revolutionaries overthrew Russ. czar=promised constitutional govt.

- Major Allied powers = democratic �US would accept joining Allies = democratic vs. nondemocratic

- April 2, 1917 � Pres. W. Wilson asked Congress for declaration of war

- April 6, 1917 � Congress voted to declare war on Germany = US sided w/Allies

Textbook Pages 651 � 661

Chapter 23, Sections 3, 4, 5

� Early Russian revolution

� Russ. revolutions in early 1800s = continuous problems in 1900s

- 1905 � Revolution = no change in Russ.

- elected legislative body � the Duma = little power

- Czar Nicholas II did not trust the Duma = was absolute ruler �last one of Europe

1. Russ. ppl. = no democratic rights �joined societies +committed violent acts

2. economic problems = Europe>Russ. industrial development +agriculture

3. 1914 � industrial workers made up 1.5% of population(Russ.), GB = 40%

4. debts, taxes, etc� = poverty

� Russia in WWI

� Russia�s weaknesses

- Russ. lacked enough railroads, roads, +industry could not supply army w/equipment

- Ottoman Empire cut off Russ. from outside supplies

- Russ. troops = poorly unequipped, badly led, inefficient +corrupt govt.�able to hold back CP for 3 yrs. = 2million Russ. dead, 5mil. injured, 2mil. prisoners

- Spring 1917 � ppl. lost faith in govt. = strikes +demonstrations in Petrograd �Czar ordered troops to stop demonstrations = troops joined rioters

- Czar dissolved legislative govt. �Duma encouraged army +disobeyed czar

- March 15, 1917 � NickII abdicated �czar+family executed= end of 300years of Romanov dynasty

� Lenin and the Bolsheviks

- Liberal provisional govt. set up = worked to restore order

- Petrograd Soviet of Workers� and Soldiers� Deputies � rival force �most members = moderate socialists called Mensheviks+small # of radical socialists (Bolsheviks)

- Soviet > provisional govt.

- V.I. Lenin � leader of Bolsh., intellegents, from middle class, studied law, after older bro was executed = became revolutionary

- April 16, 1917 � Lenin returned from exile in Switzerland

1. insisted that all governing power be given to soviets

2. radical socialists�favored modified Marxism

3. advocated small group of Marxists �trained workers to become revolutionaries � his adaptation of Marxism = Russian Communism

4. slogan: �Land, Peace, and Bread�

- November 7, 1917 � Bolsh. overthrew prov. govt.= Second Russian Revolution / Bolshevik Revolution

- 1918 � Bolsh. �Communist Party

� Civil War

- 1918 � Communists signed treaties with Central Powers�too much fighting

- Russia gave up a lot of territory

Opposition:	- Aristocrats in Russia �opposed communism - other reactionaries, middle class liberal, and Mensheviks - scattered groups�tried to overthrow Communism - 1918 � civil war begins
Red Army	- red = color of revolutionary socialism - forces of the new govt. �fought against White Army = destruction - defeated White army
White Army	- army that opposed communism - assisted by Allies
Result:	- Allies = angry by treaties of new Russ. govt. - feared�communists getting control of Russ. = revolution - aided White Army w/money +supplies - US +other nations sent troops to overthrow Communist govt. - helped prolong civil war - 1921 � communists defeated Whites

� Victory = Allies drafted peace terms

� The Fourteen Points

President Wilson

- America�s aim for entering WWI=to make the world �safe for democracy�

- idealistic theme

- introduced Fourteen Points: 6 pts. Contained general plans, 8 pts dealt with specific countries (Russ., Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine, Balkans)

British Prime Minister David Lloyd George

- ppl. thought that Allied govts. were fighting for land

- tried to change this thought�stated idealistic aims in speech to Parliament

Fourteen Points

- (1) No secret treaties

- (2) freedom of the seas for all nations

- (3) removal of all tariffs

- (4) reduction of national armaments

- (5) fair adjustment of all colonial claims w/= consideration to colonial ppl.

- (14) establishment of �a general association of nations�� would guarantee political independence +protection to large +small states

� 14 Points raised morale of Allied troops

� Defeat of Central Powers

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	w/ Russia	- 1918 � Ger. to withdraw troops from eastern front - last effort to win war = went on huge offensive
Central Powers� Goals	vs. Allies	- capture Paris before US arrives - May � Ger. reached the Marne River (37ml. from Paris) - too late = 250,000 US troops landing in France monthly
Allies� Campaign	vs. CP	- Allies led by French general Ferdinand Foch = stopped Ger. at Ch�teau-Thierry � June - Allies began counterattack � July - St. Mihiel +Argonne Forest � Allies pushed Ger. back to borders� September
CP in Middle East + Balkans	CP surrender	- Bulgaria � surrendered Sept. 1918 - Turks � also asked for peace - AH � Nov. revolution ended old Hapsburg Empire�formed separate govt. - Ger. � govt. of Kaiser William II collapsed
New German govt.		- US only dealt w/ govt. that represented Ger. ppl. - Ger. ppl. felt Kaiser = obstacle to peace - Nov 9 � Kaiser abdicated +German Republic proclaimed - Nov. 11, 1918 � chancellor of Ger. signed armistice (agreement to end combat)
Terms of Armistice		- armistice=at the 11^th hour on 11^th day of 11^th month of 1918 all fighting would cease - signed in a railroad car in forest of Compi�gne, France - Ger. had to cancel Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Ger. to surrender all subs, etc� - Ger. to release all war prisoners +turn over munitions - Allies had right to occupy Ger. territory east +west of Rhine River

� Cost of WWI

- Enormous lasting consequences / Civilian casualties = military casualties

- Naval blockade, artillery, famine, poli. violence, etc� = long lasting affect

- Total: 10million soldiers dead, 20million wounded, $400billion in damages

- Russia = over 2million

- Ger = like Russ.

- Fr. +colonies = nearly 1.5million

- AH = 1.25millions

- GB = 1million

- US = 115,000

� Peace Conference at Paris

� January 1919

- All Allied Powers sent reps. to Paris except Russ.

- Separate treaties to be written for each of the defeated Central Powers

- AH = 5 treaties b/c of many govts.

- GB, US, Fr. +Italy = Big Four�responsible for writing treaties

United States	Great Britain	France	Italy
President Woodrow Wilson	Prime Minister David Lloyd George	Premier Georges Clemenceau	Premier Vittorio Orlando

� Problems facing the peacemakers

� Nationalism

- Monarchies replaced in Ger., AH, Russ. +Ottoman Empire=close to collapse

- Everyone wanted self-govt. +independence

� Territorial Claims

France	- wanted security from Ger. - return of Alsace +Lorraine (guaranteed in 14pts) - Fr. boundary be exerted to Rhine River = possession of Rhineland - also demanded the Saar River valley w/valuable deposits of gold
Italy	- claimed Tirol rgn. +city of Trieste in accordance to secret treaties made in 1915 - claimed Fiume (not promised by secret treaties) - US, GB, +Fr.=gave Tirol to Italy - US opposed giving Fiume to Italy - Italian delegate = angry +left conference�Big Four became Big Three
Belgium	- suffered under wartime Ger. occupation - requested 2 small parts of Ger. territory along border
Great Britain	- wanted Ger. African colonies - insisted Ger. navy be destroyed +Prohibit Ger. from building warships
Japan	- during war they had occupied Ger.-held Marshall, Caroline, Qingdao, most of Shandong Peninsula, and Mariana islands - demanded permanent ownership of the rgns. - recognize its �special position� in China�Japan to have largest share +first choice in seizure of Chinese territories

� Reparations +peacekeeping

- Reparations � payment for war damages

- Did war damages include damage to property only? Or should it also include pensions to wounded veterans, widows, and orphans?

- Formation of League of Nations � widespread appeal�leaders doubted success

� Peace Treaties created a �New Europe�

� The Versailles Treaty

The Versailles Treaty

- May 1919 � leaders of Ger. Repub. were presented with Versailles Treaty

- treaty made Ger. admit = guilty for starting WWI+must pay reparations

- treaty did not specify the amount of reparations

- Ger. agreed to pay $5bill. in 2yrs.+unspecified amount later

- 1921 � Allies set total amount to $33bill.

- formation of League of Nations (LoN)

- numerous territorial adjustments

- Ger. to abolish conscription +no reserve army

- no manufacturing heavy artillery, tanks, etc�+no subs or battleships >10,000 tons

Opposition

- Ger. complained b/c they said treaty didn�t follow 14pts

- objected to admitting that they were guilty for starting war +paying unspecified amount of reparations

- Ger. had no choice = signed treaty

Results

- Ger. lost a lot of territory along its northern, western, +eastern borders, +overseas colonies

- Ger. agreed not to fortify Rhineland = Allied troops to occupy

- Saar Valley = to fall under rule of LoN for 15yrs.�coal mined went to Fr. as reparation for damages

- at end of 15yrs. the ppl. would vote whether to become part of Fr. or Ger.

- Poland = large area of Ger.�included Polish Corridor, cut off East Prussia from Ger.+gave Poland outlet to Baltic Sea

- Danzig = free city, administered by LoN

- these measures ensured that Ger. would be a peacekeeping nation�strict rules = weak means of enforcing them

� Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

Austria-Hungary (AH)

- Dual Monarchy split

- Sept. 1910 � one treaty w/Austria / June 1921 � one treaty w/Hungary

- Austria = independent republic�lost Tirol(south)+Trieste to Italy

- Austria�poverty+financial crisis b/c not enough agriculture+raw materials

- Hungary lost territory to Czechoslovakia

- in western Balkans�former independent kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, former Habsburg provinces of Bosnia+Herzegovina, and section of Adriatic Sea = united Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

- Bulgaria penalized�lost territory +outlet to Aegean Sea to Greece

Ottoman Empire (OE)

- Ottoman Empire � signed treaty in 1920 = Constantinople +Dardanelles+ Bosporus = OE�unfortified +controlled by international commission

- Trans-Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, +Syria �emerged from Turkish territory along Mediterranean Sea

- East Turkish territory = Iraq

- Kingdom of Hejaz in Arabia = immediate independence

- the rest were under control of LoN, GB, +Fr.

� Problems after the war

� New nations

- Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania=formed along the Baltic Sea+Russian territory

- 1918 � nations declared independence+Allies recognized their sovereignty

- major problem = no nationalism in countries b/c there were numerous minorities living in the countries under a govt. controlled by another nationality

- all five treaties = each govt. pledged to treat fairly minority groups

- minorities guaranteed to be protected by LoN +had certain rights

� Dissatisfied minorities

- President Wilson promised independent nationhood to all minorities� Armenians+ Kurds in OE didn�t have those rights

- During WWI OE govt. carried out terrible atrocities against minorities

- Even though the treaty promised rights to minorities, the promise wasn�t always carried out like in the OE.

� Pres. Wilson made compromises

- Realized treaties failed to provide �peace of justice��thought new LoN would help

- Special commission wrote a covenant of LoN�part of Versailles Treaty

� League of Nations

Organization: covenant� LoN

- (1)promote international cooperation

- (2)maintain peace by settling disputes peacefully+by reducing armaments

- LoN to include all sovereign nation

- 2 main agencies�assembly, council, +secretariat to conduct business

- to work w/the Permanent Court of International Justice, or The Hague

- Assembly: lower house composed of reps of all member nations�1 vote to each nation

- Council: upper house composed of 9 member nations(later 15)+5 permanent members�GB, Fr., Italy, Japan, US

Peacekeeping Measures

- LoN provided a way to deal w/problems created by imperialism

- LoN took over the rgn. and assigned it as a mandate-ruled by diff. govt.

- the diff. govt. would prepare the ppl. for self-govt. +would make annual reports on area�s progress

- all disputes to be submitted to World Court = no wars

- if members broke agreement�LoN to impose penalties:

1. breaking diplomatic relations

2. imposing economic sanctions (the refusal to trade w/the nation)

3. blockades

4. military force but only as a last resort

- Wilson began LoN but US not a member�some senators disapproved, wanted change in Versailles Treaty +covenant, +refused to ratify treaty

- Wilson�if US didn�t join = another war

- 42 members = first meeting in Geneva � Nov. 1920�optimistic future

- Ger. could not join until 1926 +Russia � 1934

- 1935 � 62 member nations

Return to Sophomore Review Sheets

� Review Sheets Central