Great Britain

Contents: The Agricultural Revolution The development of the Middle Class Living and Working Conditions  British Reforms of the 1800s

Textbook Pages 489 � 501

Chapter 19 Sections 1, 2, 3

�      The Agricultural Revolution � began in Great Britain (so did the Industrial Revolution)

�         Enclosure movement � around the 1600s, English farmers began to fence off common lands into individual holdings and then they combined the scattered lands to form larger holdings for large-scale farming � continued into 1700s

The significant results were:

-          As large landowners added to their holdings, they forced owners of small plots to either become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to the cities

-          Since land did not have to be farmed in common, farmers could experiment with their new methods of farming without having to seek the consent of other villagers

�         During the 1800s there was an increase demand for agricultural products

-          Demand of products for growing cities

-          The need for Great Britain to feed its people during the Napoleonic Era

-          This made large-scale farming a necessity

�         In the 1700s the first farmers who experimented with farming were called �gentlemen farmers�

-          These inventors found ways to end wasteful practices

-          Some of the new agricultural techniques were expensive. Farmers who could afford it made great profits. Many farmers couldn�t afford the equipment and were forced to move to the city where they created a labor force

�      Factors of Production � the basic resources necessary for industrialization: land, capital, management, and labor � Industrial Revolution

�         Natural resources - land

-          Great Britain had an abundant supply of coal and iron ore (steel)

 � Bessemer process

-          Britain�s excellent harbors facilitated trade and its many rivers provided water power and inland transportation.

�         Capital � money on demand

-          Liquid capital � money to invest in business

-          Physical capital � the building, property, etc�

-          includes money and goods

-          trade also helped increase capital

-          tools, machinery, equipment, and inventory which are used in production

-          around the 1700s many Britons had grown rich especially from slave trade and exploitation of slave labor in colonies

-          they now wanted to invest in new businesses

�         Great Britain had an abundant supply of industrial workers � labor

-          Also had many immigrants who contributed to the jobs in GB

-          Because of the enclosure movement there was an abundant supply of workers

-          the agricultural revolution caused many farmers to give up farming

-          that resulted in many laborers seeking jobs in the city

-          Britain could supply management to direct the development of industry

-          Many of the middle class became managers and succeeded in the business world and some of the lower class had that opportunity too

-          Parliament passed laws that protected businesses and helped them expand

�         Management

-          The management directed the development of the factors of production

-          Without management everything falls apart because the management is what keeps everything under control and in place

-          As they began to get an education, they used their skills to succeed in the business world and run the company.

-          They also had investors and loans instead of using their own money

�      The Textile Industry

�         The first industry to use mechanization � the use of automatic machinery to increase production

-          domestic system � a system in which people could work in their homes

-          Although production increase England could not produce enough cotton cloth to meet the demand � it was all done by hand

�         New Inventions

�         Effects of mechanization

-          Cotton cloth became cheaper to produce and sell

-          As the price went down, the demand for raw cotton and cloth increased

-          In 1791 England imported 1 million pounds of cotton � in 1802 it imported 60 million pounds

-          Most of the imported raw cotton came from southern United States

-          British textile manufacturers became the cotton-producing center of the world

�      Steam Engines

�         Waterpower represented the great improvement in the industrial revolution but it did have drawbacks

-          often the factory had to be built near a river but often that location was not near transportation, raw materials, a labor supply, or markets

-          another drawback was that water flow would vary greatly with the seasons

-          steam became the continuous, dependable, portable power source

�         Thomas Newcomen

-          an English engineer

-          in 1712 he produced the first successful steam engine

-          initially the engines were used to pump water from mines

�         James Watt

-          a Scottish instrument maker

-          in the 1760s he studied the Newcomen engine

-          in 1769 he made improvements and produced the modern steam engine

-          as a result of Watt�s invention, steam replaced water as the industry�s major power source

�      Iron and Steel

�         Iron and coal

-          became the two major raw materials of modern industry

-          Great Britain had an enormous advantage because it had large amounts of the two resources

-          But many early steam engines exploded because the iron could not withstand the high pressure of the steam

-          So instead of iron steal was used

�         William Kelly and Henry Bessemer

-          in the early 1800s the process of making steel was slow and expensive

-          but during the 1850s an American, William Kelly and an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, developed a cheap and efficient method of making steel

-          the Bessemer Process � remarkably resembled similar steel making techniques of the Haya people.

�      Transportation

�         Roads and canals

-          John McAdam � a Scottish engineer who worked out a new way of building roads that improved travel conditions. The new roads were called macadam roads and served as models for engineers in later times

-          Canals � connected extensive networks of rivers that served as water highways. Many of the canals were built between 1760 and 1850

�         Railroads and steamboats

-          George Stephenson � an English engineer, who in 1814 perfected a steam-propelled moving engine, or locomotive, that ran on rails.

-          Robert Fulton � an American who established the first regular inland steamboat service. He accomplished what many had tried to do, to adapt the steam engine to ships.

-          Samuel Cunrad � founded the Cunrad shipping company and provided regular steamboat services across the Atlantic

�      The Communications Revolution

�         Alessandro Volta � an Italian, around 1800 he built the first battery device

�         Andr� Amp�re � of France, worked out principles governing the magnetic effect of an electric current

�         Samuel Morse � of the U.S. invented the Morse code which is a system of dots and dashes

�      The Spread of Industry

�         Great Britain monopolized their new methods and machinery

-          they prohibited the export of machines

-          refused to allow skilled workers to leave the country

-          many of the European countries did not have raw materials or markets to sell their products

-          the wars of the Napoleonic Era slowed Europe�s industrial development

�         France developed industry such as textiles, iron, and mining

-          The French government imposed high tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods

-          The gov. encouraged the construction of railroads

-          But in the 1800s France remained largely an agricultural country

�         Industry grew slowly in German states

-          Germany had no efficient central government to aid industrial growth

-          Industrialization had to wait until the unification of Germany (1870s)

�         United States eagerly adopted British inventions and methods

-          Had everything that it needed for industrial development

-          National unity and a vast country with rich natural resources also affected the industrial development

-          A rapidly increasing population

-          Inventive genius

-          A willingness to adopt and take business risks

-          The steel industry grew in Pittsburg and the Great Lakes

-          Farm machinery was manufactured in Chicago

-          By 1869 a railroad connected the east and west coasts of the US

-          By 1870 the US was second to GB as a manufacturing nation

�         Along with growth of American industry came change in farming

-          Eli Whitney � created the cotton gin which enabled the southern states to supply cotton to the British textile industry

-          Cyrus McCormick � in 1834 he created the McCormick reaper, helped many farmers with their work load

�      The Effect of Machines on Work

�         The introduction of steam powered machinery made work easier to do

-          Employers looked for people who could learn a few simple tasks

-          Discovered that women and children could operate machines

-          Preferred to hire young men and women rather than older skilled people

-          Young women and children did not earn high wages

�         Textile factories began employing children and young adults

-          older skilled workers often found themselves unemployed

-          to make up for income losses people sent their children to work at textile factories while they looked for odd jobs in cities or on nearby farms

�      Wage System

�         Factory system

-          Factories brought together large numbers of people

-          Each worker only performed a small part of the entire job

-          Dozens of people worked in the same room

-          A few masters became owners but most became workers

-          Machines

-          Paid wages based on the hours worked and number of goods produced

�         Domestic system

-          A master serve as both worker and employer

-          A few people worked in a shop

-          People who had years of experience

-          Artisans had owned their tools and the shops they worked in

-          Apprentices had eventually became masters

�         Several factors determined a workers wages

-          First, employers wanted to produce goods as cheaply as possible. So the factory owners set wages in relation to other costs of production

-          second, competition for jobs lowered wages, but wages rose when there were not enough workers to do a particular job

-          third, wages often depended on what people could earn at other kinds of work (ex: to attract young woman, they offered them more than they would earn as household servants)

-          fourth, wages took into account the needs of a worker and his or her family (ex: adult men earned more than women because it was assumed that they had to support the family. It was also assumed that women were just adding �a little something� and therefore they were paid less)

�      Living conditions of workers

�         Working people lived in cramped, poorly maintained apartments called tenements

-          Child labor was a serious problem and many children were seriously injured by the machines in the factories. They also received low wages

-          However miserable their lives were, they still felt secure because they received steady pay and lived in houses. But while they lived in rural areas, drought and famine would cause them to lose everything.

�         Their living conditions improved when cheap goods became available to them

-          During the 1800s the real wages increased rapidly

-          Factories developed cheap goods

-          But women and children still worked hard, especially in rural areas

�      The development of the Middle Class

�         as industry grew so did job opportunities in cities

-          the middle class grew

�         the life of the middle class contrasted sharply with that of the working class

-          soon government leaders became as concerned about the future of industry as they were about the future of agriculture

-          after the industrialization more families could afford certain luxuries that were not available to them in earlier years (having servants, owning land, etc�)

�      Industrialization affected women�s lives

�         Working-class women

-          Early textile mills hired women to tend machines that spun cotton into thread � little skill was required

-          People referred to those jobs as �women�s jobs� although men did too

-          Industrialization changed the location of work for working-class women, but it did not raise the status of their jobs

-          While some women working-class women took factory jobs, many others continued to work at a traditional job for women � domestic services

-           Women of farm families now took jobs as servants in the city

-          women then made a transition from being servants to working in factories

�         Middle-class women

-          The industrial revolution brought new wealth and great luxury to middle-class women

-          They had the option of staying home and not working

-          Middle-class men placed increasing emphasis on the idea that women belonged at home and men belonged in the working world

-          Some also believed that a women�s nature equipped her only for raising children and caring for the home

-          In GB during the 1800s many middle-class women did not marry and began to work to support themselves

-          During the late 1800s more jobs became available for women

-          A demand for public health care increased and this gave them the opportunity to get jobs

-          College courses were also opened to women and special women�s colleges were established

-          The need for teachers also increased as public education increased � women began to enter the teaching field and by the end of the 1800s teaching had become an entirely female profession

�      New methods and giant businesses produced an industrial economy

�         New methods of production and sales brought great changes to the factory system

-          capitalism � the economic system in which individuals rather than the gov. control the factors of production was introduced as a new phase of development.

-          commercial capitalism � Before the Industrial Revolution, most capitalists were merchants who bought, sold and exchanged goods

-          industrial capitalism � because the capitalists of the Industrial Revolution became more involved in producing and manufacturing goods themselves, therefore this period was referred to as industrial capitalism

�         Division of Labor � a process that was introduced when industrialization changed the methods of production

-          No more relying on a master and his apprentices

-          Factory owners hired large numbers of unskilled laborers

-          They divided the manufacturing process into a series of simple steps

-          They then assigned a step to each worker

-          Because a large number of items could be produced in a given length of time

-          The cost of the items diminished

-          The use of machinery helped the division of labor since machines performed many steps

�         Interchangeable parts

-          Eli Whitney � an American inventor who used division of labor to make muskets in the early 1800s

-          Other people soon realized the usefulness of Whitney�s invention and interchangeable parts became more popular

�         Assembly Line

-          Division of labor, the system of interchangeable parts, and the assembly line are elements of mass production

-          Mass production � is the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical item

-          Before the assembly line: the assembly of products was a slow and inefficient process

-          Henry Ford � saw great potential in the mass production system by applying it to manufacturing automobiles. He founded one of the largest industries in the US.

�         Rise of corporation

-          Stock � used to make money by the company � the company sells it and then people sell and buy the stocks from each other

-          J.P. Morgan � in 1901 the American financier and his associates formed the United States Steel Company. This was the first of many billion dollar corporations.

-          Monopoly � when a corporation would buy out many smaller companies. This monopoly would give the company control of the total production or sale of a good or service by a single firm. (In the US corporations such as Standard Oil and US Steel created monopolies)

-          By 1900 many corporations in Germany had combined to control entire industries. These combinations of corporations were known as cartels.

�         Business Cycles

-          The Industrial Revolution brought alternating periods of prosperity and decline, this pattern is known as the business cycle. When one industry did well other industries also prospered.

-          Depression � the lowest point of the business cycle, this would happen when a large firm laid off workers other companies would also be affected.

Textbook Pages 502 � 511

Chapter 19, Sections 4, 5

�      Living and Working Conditions Gradually Improved

�         The interests of employers often conflicted with the interests of workers

-          Employers needed workers who would do their jobs quickly and efficiently, follow the rules of the factory, and accept the low wages

-          Workers needed high wages, enough to support their families; they wanted control over their work hours, the conditions in the factories, and the conditions in the towns they lived in.

-          At first the gov. refused to yield to the workers� demands

�         Laissez-faire

-          Laissez-faire � French phrase (�let do� or leave things alone)� govt. should not interfere with business.

-          The British put this theory into practice during the 1800s. Before that time the government or guilds had regulated wages, quantity and quality of goods produced, and the qualifications of apprentices and masters. But in the 1800s tariffs were abolished and free trade became the rule.

-          Other European countries and the United States adopted many features of laissez-faire but not as completely as Britain.

�      Growing interest in reform

�         Humanitarians � people who work to improve the conditions of other, they urged reforms

-          Ministers preached against businessmen because they believed them to be unchristian like and selfish

-          Charles Dickens � used his novels to attack selfish business leaders (Dombey and Son, Hard Times, David Copperfield) He used characters in his novels to send a message that denounced materialism and the obsession with money and the neglect of their spiritual values

-          People began to feel the need for the government to regulate work hours and set a minimum for wages

�      Early reform laws � GB made the first attempts to improve working conditions through legislation

�         The Factory Act of 1819

-          Illustrates how bad working conditions had become

-          The act prohibited the employment of children under nine years old in cotton mills

-          Children between the ages of 9 and 18 could work a maximum of12 hours daily

� In 1833 this law applied to all textile factories

-          Children between the ages of 9 and 13 could work no more than 9 hours daily

-          Children between ages 13 and 18 could work no more than 12 hours daily

�         9 years later another law was passed

-          this law prohibited the employment in mines of women, and girls and boys under the age of 10

�         Ten Hours Act � 1847

-          A 10-hour working day for women and children under the age of 18 was established in textile factories

-          Impact: this law caused factory owners to adopt this law for all workers

�         Despite the reform laws the conditions of factories still remained harsh

-          Laws were not strictly enforced and they did not serve the workers� problems

-          The factory laws did not deal with wages and this did not help most workers

�         Eventually worker would achieve improved working conditions through more organization and gov. legislation

�      Worker strikes

�         Strike � when a group of workers refuse to work and are demanding change before accepting to return to work

-          Workers often made a list of demands and would refuse to work until their demands were met

-          Sometimes employers would give in but at other times the employers would either fire all the workers and hire new ones or wait until the workers had no other choice but to return to work

-          Hundreds of strikes took place during the early 1800s

-          Strikers usually demanded higher wages for workers and more control over factory conditions

-          In order to control large demonstrations the gov. sent troops to arrest protesting workers

�         The Union movement

-          Workers sought to organize permanently because they felt their efforts would be more successful if they belonged to an organized group

-          These associations would collect dues and use the money to pay workers while they were on strike

-          The associations could plan actions and coordinate the demands of workers

-          These association came to be known as unions

-          This was not easy to do though because English, French, and German laws made it illegal for workers� associations to operate

�         The Combinations Acts of 1799

-          When English workers tried to unite, employers persuaded Parliament to pass laws against them

-          The act stated that people who united with other to demand higher wages, shorter hours, or better working conditions could be imprisoned

�         Finally the workers began to make progress

-          In 1825 Parliament passed a law that permitted laborers to meet in order to agree on wages and hours

-          In the 1870s Parliament passed laws that legalized strikes

-          In 1844 the French gov. legalized unions and in 1890 so did the German gov.

-          Collective bargaining � process of negotiation where union leaders would bargain for the rest of the union members. Union management reps. Met to negotiate wages, hours, and working conditions. If both parties would agree they wrote their agreements into contracts that would last for a fixed period

�      Socialists proposed radical changes

�          The uneven distribution of wealth disturbed many people

-          though some became enormously rich many still remained poor

-          reformers wanted to change the ownership

�         Socialism

-          In this system the gov. owns the means of production and operates them for the welfare of all people

-          Socialists wanted to establish an economic system that would abolish the profit motive and competition

-          They believed that everyone had the right to share the profit of an industry

-          The early socialists believed that people could live at peace with each other if they lived in small cooperative settlements and sharing the systems of production and the products

�         Thomas More

-          English humanist

-          In his book Utopia he described a model community to be such as the one that was described by the socialists

-          These early socialists were sometimes referred to as utopian socialists

�         Robert Owen

-          In GB he was the most influential utopian socialist who lived from 1771 to 1858

-          As a boy Owen quit school and went to work and at 19 he managed a large cotton mill

-          In1814 Owen bought a mill in Scotland with Jeremy Bentham

-          He believed in the natural goodness of people

-          Of they would live in a good environment they would cease to act selfishly

-          As a factory owner, he felt responsible for his workers and devoted much money and time to making their lives happier and more secure

-          He built nice home for them, paid them decent wages, established a store with inexpensive food, and he set up schools for their children

-          He believed that workers should not be completely dependant on their employers

-          He encouraged them to form unions

-          He also establish cooperative communities in both GB and the US

�      The theories of Karl Marx

�         Early thinkers became impatient with socialism

-          Karl Marx was a journalist and the most important of these critics

-          his radical political views made him unpopular in his own country

-          he was forced to leave Prussia and settle in London

-          he believed that changes in history came from changes in the economy

-          Marx published many of his theories in Das Kapital � a book that analyzed capitalism in detail

�         Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto (a pamphlet outlining his ideas) and in this book he wrote that human history had moved through several stages

-          First, people had shared property and worked together in small communities or tribes

-          Then slavery arose � landowner owned slaves

-          Feudalism followed, landowners controlled the serfs � depended on landowner for food

-          Capitalism then emerged and it brought industrial development � factory owners employed workers

-          Marx stated that each stages of history involved inequality, and therefore there was struggle between the bourgeoisie (property owners) and the proletariat (working class)

-          He argued that all wealth was created by labor and there was also an unequal distribution of wealth and that caused poverty and unemployment for the proletariat in the cities

�         Variations of Marxist Socialism

-          workers had to unite in order to fight capitalism successfully.

-          1864 � helped found the International Workingmen�s Association (called the First International) This organization disbanded in 1876

-          A Second International was formed in 1889 after Marx�s death

-          �From each according to his means, to each according to his needs� � each person contributes based on capabilities � each job = important, more needs = more pay

Textbook Pages 543 � 552

Chapter 21, Section 1

�      British Reforms of the 1800s

�         Voting restrictions

-          The govt. was not a complete democracy and not all people had a chance to participate.

-          Only property owners and a few other privileged people could vote

-          Catholics, Jew, and Dissenters could not hold political office

-          People voted in the open rather than in private (people were bribed or intimidated)

-          The boundaries of election districts or boroughs had not been changed since 1664, even though the distribution of population had changed dramatically

-          In some boroughs nobles who were members of the House of Lords controlled the choosing of reps.

-          Only men who owned considerable property could be elected to the House of Commons

�         The Reform Bill of 1832

-          Middle class and the workers began to demand reforms

-          Upper class resisted reforms b/c they feared that a change may bring a reign of terror like the one in the French Revolution

-          The wars were an excuse for delaying action

-          After Napoleon GB experienced a period of reaction that threatened civil liberties such as habeas corpus

-          In 1829 the Catholic Emancipation Act permitted the election of Roman Catholics to Parliament if they recognized the Protestant monarch as the ruler of GB

-          The House of Commons continued to pass bills that gave more people the right to vote

-          The House of Lords refused to pass those bills

-          When the Whigs came to power in 1830, the cabinet forced the new king, William IV, to announce that he would create as many lords as necessary to give the bill a majority in the House of Lords

-          In 1832 the Reform Bill was passed

1.      took seats in the House of Commons away from the less populated boroughs and gave seats to the new industrial cities

2.      it also lowered property qualifications for voting

3.      now about 1 out of every 30 Englishmen could vote

4.      as a result, people made wealthy by the Industrial Revolution gained parliamentary power

5.      this new class now had a voice in govt.

-          the Whig party now had the support of new voters and they later became the Liberal Party

-          the Tory Party of large landowners, who had opposed the reforms, became known as the Conservative Party

�         Social and economic change

-          In 1833 Parliament passed an act that provided for gradual abolition of slavery throughout the British colonies

-          The act gave freedom to all children under the age of six, all children under the age of six, all children six and older were to be free within 7 years

-          The Liberal Party

1.      forced the adoption of other reforms

2.      free public education by giving financial support to private and church schools

3.      another reform abolished imprisonment for debt

4.      in 1846 they helped repeal the unpopular Corn Laws, grain could now be imported into GB free of tax

5.      The repeal of the Corn Laws represented GB first step towards free trade

�         Chartism

-          In the 1830s a group known as the Workingman�s Association petitioned Parliament to adopt reforms such as universal manhood suffrage (voting rights, and the secret ballot)

-          A People�s Charter � a document with proposals and those who advocated them became known as Chartists. They proposed complete democracy for GB

-          The Chartists held conventions in 1839, 1842, and 1848

-          Many people believed that they threatened the foundations of society

-          In 1848 the British authorities worried that a revolution might occur in GB

-          The Chartist movement later died out b/c they were not unified in their aims

-          Even after the Chartist movement, Parliament eventually adopted most of the reforms

-          Workers continued to demand voting rights

-          In 1867 Parliament passed a second Reform Bill

1.      this reform almost doubled the number of those who could vote by lowering property qualifications

2.      the second Reform Bill extended the vote to most city industrial workers

3.      but still not everyone had the right to vote

�      Disreali and Gladstone

�         William IV died in 1837 and his niece, Victoria, took the throne

-          She interfered very little with govt. issues

-          She allowed her prime ministers a free hand

-          Her reign as queen was the longest in British history. She reigned from 1837 to 1901, 64 years that were known as the Victorian Era

�      The Irish Question

�         The Act of Union � 1801

-          Ireland and GB were joined to form the United Kingdom of GB and Ireland

-          It disbanded Ireland�s Parliament, leaving the Irish with little representation in the British Parliament

-          The Irish people were mainly Roman Catholic � forced to pay taxes to support Anglican Church � main problem = RELIGION

-          The potato famine in 1848 caused many Irish people to escape to the US

-          They wanted home rule (self govt.)

�      British reforms of the early 1900s

�         Social Reforms � Fabian Society + Liberal Party = both liberal

-          In 1884 a group of intellectuals founded the Fabian Society

1.      they were a socialist organization aimed at reconstructing society

2.      they worked through establishing political parties

3.      in 1906 they helped workers, frustrated over the policies of liberal and conservative parties � Labour Party

-          Liberal Party

1.      1905 � came to power �Herbert Asquith, prime minister from 1908 to 1916

2.      adopted extensive social welfare legislation

3.      laws provided for child care, old age pensions, better housing, and health and unemployment insurance

4.      Parliament raised taxes

�         Changes within Parliament

-          The budget of 1909 increased taxes for the wealthy

-          The House of Lords opposed the budget so the Liberals took steps to decrease the power of the lords

-          The Parliament Bill of 1911

1.      took away the lord�s power to veto tax and appropriation bills

2.      allowed them to delay passage of other bills

3.      the lords bitterly opposed the act and passed it only after George V threatened to create enough Liberal lords to pass it

-          Parliament passed a law giving members of the House of Commons a salary of 400 pounds � this meant that a person without an independent income could afford to serve in Parliament

�         Women�s voting rights

-          Since the late 1800s many women in GB demanded the right to vote

-          Chritabel Pankhurst and her mother, Emmeline, were energetic, outspoken leaders of the suffragettes movement

-          They were known as suffragettes because they demanded suffrage for all women

-          1919 � women over 30 w/husbands who owned property = vote

-          1928 � all women could vote

�      Changes within the British Empire

-          As GB instituted social and political reforms, other changes occurred within the British Empire.

-          Settlers in the British colonies of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand benefited from the liberal policies enacted in GB

�      Canada

�         The French Canadians in Lower Canada and the British settlers in Upper Canada had long discontented British rule

-          during the 1830s a business depression, unemployment, and crop failures led to uprisings in Lower and Upper Canada

-          The French Canadians tried to establish an independent French republic

-          British Canadians sought greater freedom from British officials

-          Neither revolt met with success

�         The Durham Report

-          1838 � GB sent Lord Durham (LD)(Liberal Party), to Canada to settle disagreements between the English and French Canadians

-          Durham helped write the Reform Bill of 1832 and he was given broad powers to reform Canada�s govt.

-          1839 � LD submitted report to Parliament � the Acts of Union

1.      if GB granted self govt. to Canada, it would keep colonies in the empire

2.      recommended that GB aide immigration to Canada

3.      build railroads to help unite and develop the country

4.      reform the tax and court systems

5.      expand education

-          1840 � GB passed laws to carry out the recommendations of Durham

�         The British North America Act

-          upper and lower Canada ≠ united

-          1864 � the eastern colonies considered forming a federal union

-          British North America Act of 1867

1.      created the Dominion of Canada with the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick

2.      each province kept its own legislature to deal with local affairs

3.      the federal Parliament, which dealt with national problems, met in Ontario at the Dominion capital, Ottawa

4.      this act did not make Canadian provinces completely independent

-          The Dominion govt. was a parliamentary democracy with a cabinet based on the British model

-          The Liberal and Conservative political parties in Canada resembled those in GB

-          party in power appointed the premier (prime minister)

-          Canada = part of the British Empire + recognized GB king and queen.

-          GB govt. influenced Canada�s foreign relations

�         Territorial growth

-          1869 � Canada purchased land from Hudson�s Bay Company

-          Canada feared that US would try to annex land � province of Manitoba

-          1870s � British Columbia and Prince Edward Island became provinces � 7 total provinces in the Dominion

-          1885 � Canadian Pacific Railways opened western Canada to immigration

-          1905 � Alberta and Saskatchewan joined the Dominion

-          discovery of gold in Klondike �development of northwestern Canada (1890s)

-          The Klondike gold rush attracted many people to the area that in 1898 it was organized as the Yukon Territory

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