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Fall Final Review |
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AIM: How did Peter the Great rule Russia?
�
Explain
why Russia was isolated politically and culturally from Western Europe.
o
Physically,
the Ottoman Turks held the Black Sea. Poland and Russia held the Baltic Sea.
Russia had no access to a warm-water. Russia was almost entirely land-locked.
It had no navigable rivers that flowed into the seas of commerce. Poland and
Eastern Europe hindered commercial contacts.
o
Culturally,
Russia was also isolated from the world. They had Asian influences from the
Mongols. They used the Cyrillic alphabet instead of the Roman alphabet. Their
religion was Eastern-Orthodox instead of Roman Catholic. They got hteir culture
from the Byzantine Empire and not the Roman and Western empire.
�
Explain
how Peter the Great attempted to westernize Russia.
o
On
a trip to the west to negotiate an alliance agains the Turks, Peter saw the
advantages of technology. He came back to Russia and westernized it. Men were
not allowed to have beards. Women had to take an active part in community life.
Nobles had to change their long fur robes for short Western one. He remodeled
the army according to the British and French lines. He was able to defeat
Sweden and gain access to a warm-water port. Everything was taxed. He began a
new government with absolutist ideas. Czar had control of everything, even the
Church.
AIM: How did the Enlightenment thinkers answer the
basic questions of the 18th century: How does one make mankind
happy, rational, and free?
�
Explain
the connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
o
The
Scientific Revolution wanted to use natural laws to discover how the physical
world worked. The Enlightenment used reason to discover natural laws that
governed society/people to make them happy.
�
Identify
and explain the ideas of philosophers.
o
Hobbes:
people are evil. Government should have the power. In return, people should
have the promise of peace. �social contract�
o
Locke:
government exists to serve the people and when it fails this purpose, the
people may replace it. Life, liberty, property � man�s natural rights.
o
Rousseau:
believed that people were born good, but then corrupted by society. popular
sovereignty
o
Voltaire:
freedom of speech
o
Montesquieu:
government exists to serve people.. Checks and balances
o
Mary
Wollstonecraft: women�s rights activist
o
Frederick
the Great: �enlightened despot� believed he had to help his nation
AIM: How did the Enlightenment spread?
�
Explain
how the enlightenment spread.
o
An
encyclopedia by Denis Diderot was put together. It arranged everything by alphabetical
order. People were able to read about all different things. Salons � talk
shows. Pamphlets were written. They were kept and read over numerous times.
�
Explain
how the American Revolution was influenced by the enlightenment.
o
Declaration
of Independence � used the ideas of popular sovereignty, equality, life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Benjamin Franklin would go to salons and
hear ideas. Thomas Paine wrote some pamphlets that were read by Americans.
AIM: Why did France erupt into a revolution in 1789?
�
Identify
and explain the abuses during the Old Regime in France.
o
France
was divided into 2 estates. The First estate was made up of 1% of the
population and owned about 10% of the land. They didn�t have to pay taxes.
These were the clergy. They collected the tithe. The Second Estate was made up
of the nobles � 2% of the population and owned about 35% of the land. They were
the lords and also had to pay few taxes. The Third Estate was made up of 97% of
the people. This estate performed the tasks and didn�t get paid a lot or have
much land. Additionally, King Louis XVI was an aristocrat. Whatever he said,
went. He used letres de cache and was able to imprison anyone. He also used
corvees which made the 3rd estate perform required labor.
�
Identify
and explain the steps leading up to the revolution.
o
All
the problems with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd estates.
o
Growing
discontent.
�
Nobles
and clergy were upset that king was gaining power.
�
3rd
estate wanted their sons to have good jobs
�
Nobles
hired attorney to discover old debts of the peasants. They sold things they
once gave away and raised the price of rent.
�
People
were upset about the tax rules.
o
Country
is in a deficit, but king is spending his money lavishly. His wife was known as
�Madame Deficit�
o
Influenced
by the ideas of the American and Glorious Revolutions. They were also
influenced by the Enlightenment.
o
Winter
of 1789 � harsh winter. Led to a famine. Riots for food. The king called
together the Estates General after 175 years to discuss the problems.
o
The
3rd estate is represented unfairly. They brake away and make the
National Assembly. He locks them out of a meeting and they write the Tennis
Court Oath. There are rumors going around that the King wants to kill the
members of the National Assembly.
o
They
gather arms and storm the Bastille for gunpowder. They remove 7 prisoners. This
shows that they are challenging the king�s power.
AIM: How did the National Assembly reform France?
�
Identify
the various political, social, and religious reforms.
o
Political
� everyone was allowed to vote as long as a minimal tax was paid. All male
citizens are equal. It is a limited monarchy with a legislative assembly.
o
Social
� abolished the feudal system, abolished special privelages, taxes were based
on income, abolished guilds.
o
Religious
� freedom of religion, compensated the clergy for the land seized by the
peasants. Bishops and priests were paid government salaries
�
Political
Views
o
Radical.
Liberal. Moderate. Conservative. Reactionaries.
AIM: Why did the French Revolution turn radical?
�
Explain
how internal events and external events caused the revolution to turn radical.
o
King
Louis XVI flees France and escapes to Austria. However, he is recognized by a
guard and sent back to France. He is then killed by the guillotine. Other countries
are afraid of rebellion and the guillotine so they want to invade France.
France is afraid so the National convention is made. George Danton controls
international problems. He started an army and wrote a draft in case of a war.
The Committee of Public Safety was set up to protect France from invaders.
Maximillian Robespierre was in charge of domestic problems.
�
Identify
and discuss the time period known as the �Reign of Terror�.
o
People
in France were being killed left and right. Every person suspected of treason
was killed. Robespierre eventually killed Danton and Robespierre was eventually
killed by other people. The symbol of the revolution became the guillotine.
AIM: How did Napoleon rule France?
�
Explain
how Napoleon gained power in France.
o
Napoleon
came to France when it was in a political vacuum. People were being killed left
and right. There was no stability. People liked how Napoleon was a good general
and they hoped he would be able to save them.
�
Identify
the various reforms by Napoleon.
o
He encouraged
the �migr�s to return, but made them take an oath of loyalty. He had a public
vote � Plebiscite � but only agreed with it when it consented with his
thoughts. He established a consulate � 3 man governing board. He also regulated
the economy and controlled trade/prices. He wanted people to go to school. In
1801, he made an agreement with the Church called the Concordat. People were
allowed to buy Church land. Advancement was made based on merit. � freedom of
the press. Napoleonic codes spread all over.�
He enacted laws to help businessmen. He used military genius to create
France�s empire.
AIM: Why did Napoleon�s empire fall?
�
Explain
how Napoleon attempted to dominate Europe.
o
Napoleon
had most of Europe under his control. However, he wanted England! He began the
continental system and forbade any country to trade with England. He believed
that by doing this, Britain�s income will be lost and he will control them
�
Identify
the various causes that led to Napoleon�s downfall.
o
As
he conquers countries, he spreads Enlightenment ideas. This will come back to
haunt him, the people will want to fight for themselves.
o
Peninsular
War. Napoleon puts his brother on the throne in Spain. They get mad and fight
against him.
o
Czar
Alexander of Russia resumes trade with England. Napoleon begins a war with him.
However, France is not accustomed to Russia�s harsh winters. People end up
freezing. In addition, Russia retreats back and burns their country � scorched
earth policy. He is sent to Elba. He escaped and comes back to Waterloo to
fight for 100 days. He is defeated and send to St. Helena, where he dies.
AIM: How did Napoleon influence Europe and the world?
�
His
Napoleonic codes spread all over the world. They were used in Louisiana. He
sold Louisiana to the US and caused the US to double in size.
AIM: How did the Congress of Vienna attempt to
stabilize Europe following Napoleon?
�
Identify
and discuss the goals of the Congress of Vienna.
o
The
Quadruple Alliance � Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia met to discuss
France. They wanted to make sure France wouldn�t come to this power again. They
had to repay the debts. Land was divided among different countries. All former
ruling families were restored back to the throne. Each nation had to keep the
other from becoming too powerful.
AIM: How did the production of goods change during the
late 1700s and 1800s?
�
Explain
how and why the production of goods changed in the late 1700s and 1800s.
o
Farmers
would enclose the land of many farmers and cause those farmers to move to the city.
There were new inventions for farming including Jethro Tull�s seed drill, which
made it easier to farm. More food was being farmed efficiently. Since there was
a surplus of food, the population grew. Also because health care was better,
population was able to grow. Since population grew, there was a greater demand
for materials. People invented new machines that would make the production of
goods faster for the new amount of people.
�
Explain
why the Industrial Revolution began in England.
o
England
possessed the factors of production � land, capital, labor. They had natural
resources, excellent harbors for trade and rivers. They had money, tools, and
machinery. They also had labor from the many people who moved to the city. Many
people had sons who wanted to be the owners of these companies. England also
passed laws to protect business owners and made it beneficial to become a
businessman. England had the best navy and was able to transport good since
they had control of the seas. They had many colonies and therefore had many
large markets.
AIM: How did the Industrial Revolution impact the
lives of the working and middle class?
�
Identify
and discuss the working conditions in the Industrial Revolution.
o
Work
life was very rigorous. The workers had to be there early and were not allowed
to take many breaks. They worked long long hours. Women and children were the
wanted workers. Children were able to learn quickly, be exploited. They had
small hands and could fit in small places. It was very dark and cramped. Their
homes were tenements. They had to share a bathroom. 12 people per room.� There is little privacy and a lot of disease!
Wages depended on how much you would�ve made at another job, who you needed to
support, and the supply and demand of the job/product.
�
Discuss
how the middle class lives during the Industrial Revolution.
o
They
were the owners of the factories. The middle class also consisted of
professors, lawyers, and doctors. They kept the surpluses. They owned property,
hired servants, wore elegant clothing. Some women went to college, some stayed
at home.
AIM: How did modern capitalism emerge from the
Industrial Revolution?
�
Identify
and explain the main ideas of capitalism
o
People
can own the businesses. They can open wherever they want and charge however
much they want. They open because of a profit motive. Another element of
capitalism is competition and supply and demand. According to Adam Smith, there
is an invisible hand controlling supply and demand.
AIM: How did Economists propose to improve the plight
of the working class?
�
Identify
and explain the main ideas of each economist concerning the lives of the
working class.
o
Adam Smith: �laissez
faire� the government should stay out
o
David Ricardo: IRON
law of wages
�
When
families make more money, they have more kids. The kids grow up and there are
more available workers. There will be no competition for jobs and people�s
income stuff will go down.
o
Malthus: When
population goes unchecked, there will be food problems. Advises people to stop
having children.
o
Jeremy Bentham:
Utilitarianism � using stuff based on its benefit. Believed in individual
freedom. He advocated education and called for reform of� justice and prison system.
o
John Stuart Mill:
government should work for the good of the citizens. Improve housing and
factory. He promoted education and vote for all.
o
Socialism: Government
owns the mean of production. He believes the government should plan the
economy.
AIM: How did Karl Marx propose to improve the plight
of the working class?
�
Identify
and explain Karl Marx�s view of history.
o
He
believed that there have always been feuds between the different social
classes. In the past, between the lords and the serfs, the slaves and the
owners. Now, the feud is between the workers � Proletariat � and the bourgeousie.
�
Identify
and explain Karl Marx�s theory of Communism.
o
Workers
will unite against the owners. They will share the profits. There will be no
classes and the government will slowly wither away.
AIM: How did the lives of the working class gradually
improve?
�
Identify
and explain the various Reform Bills that attempted to address problems
relating to working and voting rights.
o
Factory
Act � Women and children cannot work more than 12 hours a day.
o
10
hours Act � Women and children cannot work more that 10 hours a day. Since they
wouldn�t work more than 10 hours, there was no point in keeping open the
factories for more than 10 hours.
o
Reform
Bill of 1832+1867 � lowered the meaning of property
o
Prime
Minister Gladstone
�
Reform
bill � agricultural people can vote
�
Education
act
�
Redistribution
bill
�
Secret
Ballot
o
Chartists
�
Wanted
complete democracy
�
Wanted
secret ballot
�
Wanted
parliament to get paid
AIM: How did Germany unite as a nation? How did Italy
unite as a nation?
�
Identify
the problems and solutions with uniting Germany.
o
Germany
was afraid of Prussia power. Solution: Prussia would go to war for Germany.
o
Southern
was Catholic and Norhtern was Protestant. They made a common enemy � France.
o
France
opposed a united Germany. Prussia went to war with France and defeats her.
o
Prussia
and Austria are in a fight. Prussia defeats Austria at battle.
�
How
was Italy united?
o
Giuseppe
Mazzini had the idea to unite Italy. Believed it would help them in wars.
Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the two Sicilies � northern and southern Italy
together. Vatican City, the pope�s land, was made separate.
AIM: Why did Europeans embark on a policy of
Imperialism in 1800s?
�
Identify
and explain the various motives for imperialism.
o
Social
�
Spread
the whitee man�s burden
�
Social
Darwinism
�
Christianize
�
Civilize
�
Outlets
for human populations
�
Technological
o
Maxim
gun
o
Quinine
o
Railroads,
steamships, telegraphs
�
Political
o
Want
power � colonies will make them stronger
o
Nationalist
o
Naval
bases for war
�
Economical
o
Want
resources
o
Want
markets
o
Want
raw materials
o
Wanted
to be self-sufficient
AIM: How did European Imperialism impact Africa?
�
Identify
and explain why Africa was difficult to explore.
o
Africa
was known as the dark continent. It was mostly unexplored. It had uneven
topography. It was made up of rainforests. Since it was near the equator, it
was humid and hot. There were also many mountains there. It had poor natural
harbors.
�
Identify
and explain the positive and negative impacts of European imperialism on
Africa.
o
Negative
�
Africans
forced to give up their own culture � have to adopt European culture.
�
Are
taxed without voting
�
Their
culture was degraded
�
Tribalism
� when the countries came, they broke up invisible bordered. Two different
groups of people were put together and would fight once the mother country leaves.
�
Africans
have to grow cash crops. This is bad because now Africa is dependant on other
countries for food. In addition, if one of the cash crops goes bad, Africa does
not have much income.
�
Africans
were forced to work for the Europeans.
�
King
Leopold of Belgium: wanted the Africans to collect rubber for him so he would
hold hteir wives hostage until they did so. When they started revolting, he had
people go into the forests to kill the rebels. To prove the person was killed,
the killer had to bring back a hand.
o
Positive
�
Gave
them education
�
Provided
medical care
�
Transportation
AIM: How did British rule impact India?
�
Explain
why and how the British dominated India.
o
Originally,
India was controlled by the British East India Company. However, they got into a
fight with the sepoys. Sepoys were the Hindus and Muslims who were forced to
work for the European. Growing discontent included the British outlawing sutee
and allowed the widows to remarry. The sepoys hated how they had to work
overseas. The final straw came when the cartridge was covered with pig/cow fat.
This caused the Sepoy Rebellion. British came and killed them. Now, the British
control them. British wanted them for their resources � jute, opium, coal. They
also opened the Suez Canal here.
�
Identify
and explain the positive and negative impacts of British rule on India.
o
Positive
�
Improved
the infrastructure
�
Telegraph
�
Health
care
�
However,
this backfired
�
Brought
peace and order
�
Revised
legal system to promote justice
�
Educated
Indians
o
Negative
�
Missionaries
imposed their ideas on Indians
�
Looked
down on Indian culture
�
Restricted
Indian-own businesses
�
Wanted
the Indians to depends on British.
�
Destroyed
Indian hand system
�
Cash
crops
AIM: How did China fall �victim� to European
Imperialism?
�
Explain
how China was dominated by European countries.
o
China
was ethnocentric. Europe wanted tea, spices, silver, porcelain from India.
Britain would trade these things for silver. Soon, Britain�s supply of silver
was depleting. They began selling opium to China. China got addicted to it.
When the empresses�s daughter died from it, China stopped the� import of opium. This gave reason for the
European countries to start a war against China. Europe won and they made the
Treaty of nanjing with China. China had to open more ports and resume the opium
trade. A policy of extraterritoriality was adopted � if someone did a crime in
China, they would be punished under their home country�s land. China also had
to give over Hong-Kong and had to pay war damages. Spheres of influence were
carved and then the US began the open door policy. The Boxers were very upset
and started a revolution. Europe won and the Manchu dynasty began.
AIM: How was Japan able to resist imperialism and
become imperialistic?
�
Identify
the geographic conditions in Japan.
o
Japan
was an island and had good harbors. 4/5 of the land is mountains.
�
Explain
how Japan modernized.
o
Commodore
Matthew Perry came and offered Japan a deal to start trading. Japan accepted
and began opening more ports and trading with other countries. Steamships,
telegraphs, and railroads were built.
�
Identify
the changes made by the Meiji.
o
Selective
borrowing. They adopted European dress
o
People
had jobs of their choice
o
Abolished
social class
o
Samurai
became in charge
o
Illiteracy
was almost gone
o
New
army � everyone had to join
o
New
centralized government with a constitution and national assembly � the diet
o
Tokyo
became the capital
�
Explain
why Japan became imperialist.
o
They
need farmland. They want to show that they are strong. They are fighting for
power and prestige..
�
Ex.
Ruso-Japanese War. Chino-Japanese war.
AIM: How were Latin American countries controlled by
outside forces following independence?
�
Explain
why and how Latin American countries achieve independence.
o
Many
military fighting people, including Miguel Hidalgo and Simon Bolivar. Also,
they saw the French and American revolutions and wanted to revolt. They were
unhappy with the social injustices and wanted to revolt.
�
Explain
some problems faced by Latin American countries following independence.
o
They
were trading with the European countries, but had an unfavorable balance of
trade. Since they were growing cash crops, they had to depends on Europe for
food. Eventually, they decided to take out loans and buy their own machines.
However, they were unable to pay back some of the loans.
�
Explain
how the US influence Latin America.
o
The
US signed the Monroe Doctrine, which told the European countries not to come to
the other side. Roosevelt added a corollary that American would be the middle
man between Latin America and Europe.
o
The
US supported Venezuela against Britain because they wanted gold and natural
resources.
o
They
supported Cuba against Spain because they were afraid of their property. They
also were sympathetic towards their feelings of wanting independence.
o
Also
involved with Mexico.
AIM: Explain the short term and long term cause of
WWI. How did war erupt in Europe in 1914?
�
Short
Term � Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is killed by a Serb. Austria declares war
on Serbia, who is then helped by Germany. Russia went to save the Serbs.
Germany declared war on Russia. France goes to save Russia and Germany declares
war on France.
�
Long
Term
o
Nationalism
�
Some
countries were united � Germany, but others weren�t.
�
Austria
Hungary was getting divided
�
Ottoman
empire � they lost their territory and want it back
�
Balkan
powder keg � point of contention
�
French
want their land back from Germany
�
Slavs
want their own state
o
Imperialism
�
Each
country wanted power
�
Germany
wanted to catch up to England
�
Germany
and France almost fought over Morocco
o
Militarism
�
War
was glorified � soldiers were heroes
�
Each
country was gathering arms and making plans
�
Each
country is mobilizing
o
Industrial
Expansion
�
Each
country wants to build their economy
�
Germany
wants to build a railroad from Baghdad to Berlin. This was a threat to the Suez
Canal
o
Alliances
�
Triple
Entente � Russia, France, Britain
�
Triple
Alliance � Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary
AIM: How was World War I fought?
�
Describe
the new technology that was invented and utilized in WWI.
o
Canons
o
Tanks
o
Trenches
� people would dig holes and hide in them
o
Guns
were on wheels
o
Shells
o
Crude
bombs
o
Airplanes
were used for spying
o
Chemical
weapons filled with mustard and nerve gas � many people were blinded and killed
o
U-boats
�
Describe
the importance of key battles in WWI
o
Verdun:
war of attrition
o
Marne:
stalemate
AIM: Why was WWI the �first� in many aspects?
�
Explain
how WWI was the first mechanized war, total war, and global war.
o
Mechanized
war � everything was done by machinery. Industry and war came together.
o
Total
War � civilians were soldiers, workers, nurses, factory owners, bomb makers.
The government controlled the army, a draft was made, food was rationed. They
sold bonds and used propaganda. Colonies were used as naval bases. Colonists were
soldiers and workers. Colonies provided resources.
o
Global
War: Germany bought the war to Africa. India � points of contention with the
Suez Canal. Japan is used as a British ally to fight Chinese. Germans go
through Belgium and make them leave their neutrality. Since England promised to
protect Belgium from invaders, England joins the war. Armenian genocide.
�
Identify
the various techniques used in propaganda
o
Half-truths
o
Name
calling
o
Testimonials
� famous person or noble idea
o
Human
emotion � guilt, fear, revenge, duty
o
Symbols
that show the other side in the worst possible light.
Aim: Why did a revolution erupt in Russia in 1917
�
Explain
the social class system that existed under the czar.
o
The
czar was an autocrat.
�
Why
did a revolution erupt?
o
People
were hungry. Peasants, who were the majority of the population, were not
getting what they wanted. Workers were striking. Inefficient transportation
system. Politically, there were huge losses from the war, spread of Marxist
ideas, and charismatic leaders. There were also extremes in the classes and the
peasants had a desire for land.
�
Explain
how WWI contributed to the revolution
o
People
are tired of the war. They are starving. The German sympathize with the
Russians. They want Russia out of the war.�
In March 1917, they make the czar abdicate his throne. A temporary
government � Kerensky � takes over. Germany sends in V.I. Lenin to Russia to
take over Kerensky and pull Russia out of the war.
AIM: How did V.I. Lenin rule the Soviet union?
�
Explain
how and why Lenin modified Marxism.
o
Marx
believed that a communist country would only start in an industrial society.
However, Russia was primarily agricultural. In addition, under Marxism, the
workers would be the people �in charge�. In Lenin�s world, a group of people would
train the future generations on how to be good Marxists. Marx�s slogan was
�workingmen of the world, unite!�. Lenin�s was �Peace, bread, land�. Lenin
adopted the color red. The flag was red with a sickle and hammer on it. Russia
became a dictatorship. He takes Russia out of the war, which is a blessing to
Germany.
AIM: How did WWI finally come to an end in 1918?
�
Explain
why the US entered WWI
o
Now
that Russia was out of the war, if the US joined the Allies, it would be a
democratic vs non-democratic war. Germany was still attacking innocent boats.
They traded with the allies. The Zimmerman telegraph. Germany sent a telegraph
to Mexico asking them to join the war. If they won, Germany promised to give
them land from SW US. Britain intercepted this telegraph and sent it to the US.
�
Discuss
the events that led to the signing of the armistice in 1918.
o
US
enters the war. Ottoman and Austria Hungary are losing their power because
England attacks them at Palestine and Iraq and Germany cannot depend on them.
It was a war of resources and Great Britain and France were beating them.� There were also domestic troubles in Germany.
Things were so bad that they were melting church bells and digging up the pipes
so the metal could be used as weapons. People are starving and Germany�s morale
is low. They force the Kaizer to abdicate the throne.
AIM: How were the �seeds� of WWII �planted� at the end
of WWI?
�
Identify
the various position of each country in the peace conference.
o
Big
4 met � France, Italy, Britain, US. Britain and France want to be harsh towards
Germany. �never negotiate, dictate� They want them to compensate for all the
losses. Wilson � US believed in self-determination � the minorities should
decide what kind of government they want. He doesn�t want to deal too harshly
with Germany. When Italy does not get the land he wants � Fiume � he leaves.
�
Discuss
the specific details of the Paris Peace
o
Germany
was demilitarized. They could not have a reserve army. No guns, no military
aircraft, and a limited navy. Only have an army with 10,000 men. They also had
to accept the blame for the war. Many countries are created. Mandates are
formed. France gets Syria. British get Palestine, Jordan, Iraq.
�
Identify
the peace terms with regard to Germany.
o
Economically
� had to pay back 33 billion dollars
o
Made
Germany admit that it started the war and was guilt
o
Army
and navy � abolish draft, no reserve army
o
Land
� lost land among all the border. Many new countries were created by the League
of Nations
�
Explain
why historians claim that the �seeds� of WWII were planted at the end of WWI.
o
Hitler/Germany
never agrees they started the War. They never thought they lost and should get
these punishments.
o
France
did not agree with the armstice
o
Germany
was not invited to Treaty of Versailles
