Latin America, Unification, Imperialism

Contents: Latin America  Early movements toward unification Imperialism

�      Colonial Economy

�         In Latin America

-          Haciendas � large, self sufficient farming estates � and smaller farms became the major economic units of colonial Latin America

-          Monarchs granted enormous estates to conquistadors (conquerors)

-          Land grants spanned from California to Chile and Argentina

-          People who had land grants sold them to mining entrepreneurs and merchants

-          Mexico City, Lima, and other large cities had large populations and imposing cathedrals and govt. palaces

-          The govt. built immense fortresses � like one guarding the port of San Juan in Puerto Pico / to protect from pirates, etc�

�         Work Force

-          Much of the Indian population died as a result of disease and forced labor

-          Later the Indians became free subjects under Portuguese and Spanish law

-          They still became bound to their occupation because of debt

-          The demand for labor became so great that black African slaves were imported

-          In the 1690s the Portuguese discovered gold in Minas Gerais (Brazil)

-          In 1763 the city of Rio de Janeiro became the colonial capital � b/c of its location near the mines

-          The discovery of gold brought more labor shortages � African slaves

�      Colonial Society

�         Social classes were based on privilege

-          Royal bureaucrats, the owners of large estates and the great merchants

� there was an enormous social gap btwn the classes

� there was also racial discrimination

�         Catholic Church

-          The Roman Catholic Church had great power and influence in the colonies

-          Missionaries accompanied the explorers and converted Indians to Catholicism

-          The missionaries also tried to prevent the govt. and people from abusing the Indians

-          By the 1700s the Jesuits became extremely powerful, they owned land, town property, mines, and slaves

-          But during the mid 1700s the kings dissolved the Jesuits and seized their properties

�         Social Life

-          Spain and Portugal greatly influenced social customs in the colonies

-          The male dominated society carried over into LA

-          They believed in restricting the younger women of the household

-          But at lower levels of society women participated more actively in economic life

�      Growing Discontent

�         Discontent among creoles

-          In the late 1700s creoles had begun to fill colonial govt. positions but they were still not content with their situation

-          King Charles III of Spain sent peninsulars to take over top jobs

-          The creoles suffered discrimination in colonial bureaucracy and Spain�s economic policies angered them

-          Charles II began to relax mercantilist restrictions � creoles merchants didn�t want to lose monopolies

�         Spanish and Portuguese colonists

-          Fared worse than British colonists

-          S & P colonies had little industry

-          Merchants supplied colonies with goods from GB and France after taking a substantial profit for themselves

-          Colonists resented paying taxes for S & P�s wars

�         Colonists� reasons for rebellion

-          b/c of mistreatment, the creoles wanted to rebel

-          in 1815 the creole revolutionary Sim�n Bol�var stated, �the hatred that the peninsular has inspired in us is greater that the ocean which separates us.�

�      Haiti�s Slave Revolution, Mexico and Central America and Brazil

�      Spanish South America

�         3 of the great South American leaders:

-          Sim�n Bol�var, Jos� de San Mart�n, Bernardo O�Higgins

-          They had traveled and studied in North America and Europe. Enlightened thinkers.

�         Revolts against Spain

-          1810 � the first revolt against Spain in the southernmost viceroyalty of La Plata

1.      creole rebels seized control of the govt.

2.      six years later they declared the independence of the United Provinces of La Plata (later Argentina)

3.      Paraguay declared independence

�         Sim�n Bol�var (chart)

-          Great Colombia � included Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama

-          1825 � the northern territory of Upper Peru became a separate republic named Bolivia � in honor of Bol�var

�         Jos� de San Mart�n (chart)

-          December 1824 � revolutionaries achieved total victory over Spanish forces at Ayacucho. Peru was free.

�      Foreign reactions to independence

�         The British hoped to benefit from LA independence

-          GB was eager to increase their trade with LA

-          They overestimated how rich LA really was

-          GB view LA as potential allies against a conservative continental Europe

-          GB provided rebels with small amounts of arms � primarily in SA

�         War of 1812 distracted the US

-          The US did little to help LA revolutionaries b/c they didn�t want to anger Spain while trying to obtain Florida

-          Even after the Spanish cessation of Florida in 1819 the US had no LA policy

-          The US also saw LA as a vast market but they became alarmed when Spain attempted to regain their colonies in the 1820s

�         Monroe Doctrine

-          A message sent to Congress by President James Monroe in 1823

-          Declared that the US would not intervene in Europe�s affairs

-          Or interfere with Europe�s remaining colonies in the Western Hemisphere

-          US would oppose any attempt by European nations to reestablish lost colonies, to form new colonies, or to interfere with any of the American govt. in the Western Hemisphere

� European leaders denounced the Monroe Doctrine but no European nations defied it

� the combination of GB and US powers discouraged other European countries from 

     meddling in LA affairs

�      Internal Problems

�         Latin American unity

-          Enormous distances, geographical barriers, and regional rivalries prevented unity among the new LA countries

-          Only Brazil managed to maintain national unity

-          Ecuador and Venezuela broke away from Great Colombia

-          The United Provinces of Central America crumbled into 5 separate countries

-          By 1840 � LA contained 17 independent nations

-          1826 � Bol�var called a congress of LA to meet in Panama to promote unification

-          only Colombia, Peru, Central America, and Mexico attended

-          many LA cherished the ideal of unity

�         Independence

-          Gave the creole upper classes in LA many benefits � satisfied them

-          Increased trade + cheaper manufactured goods � more capital

�         Political instability

-          Came from the failure of establishing a strong govt.

-          Conflicts between liberals and conservatives � state of turmoil

-          Conservatism thrived b/c the govt. never prepared ppl. for political leadership / worked against social change � preservation of status quo / believed that reforms had gone too far

-          During colonial time the king bonded the society together � after gaining independence, Brazil had an emperor, but nation with republican institutions had no substitute for a king

-          Dictatorial govt. � provided stability

-          New govt. did little to promote social justice

-          LA lacked economic resource to finance welfare

�         Creoles

-          They abolished slavery in every country

-          They sought to take over positions of privilege

-          Battled to take over communal lands that belonged to the Indian population� claimed that these lands slowed economic progress

-          Haciendas continued to grow during the next 100 years

�         Roman Catholic Church

-          Liberals proposed changes in the powers of the church

-          Wanted govt. to take over functions that the church performed � govt. should run schools not church, etc�

-          Conservatives opposed the loss of church rights

�         Independence proved to be difficult b/c of the internal conflicts. In the later 1800s trade and govt. tax revenues increased and many controversies were concluded successfully. LA countries began to achieve some stability and economic growth.

Textbook Pages 573 � 587

Chapter 22, Sections 1, 2, 3

�      Early movements toward unification

�         Italian Nationalism

-          1800s � many thinkers and writers tried to revive interest in Italy�s traditions � increase in Italian nationalism

-          Risorgimento � �resurgence� in Italian, a nationalistic movement with goals of unification

-          Carbonari � an early group of nationalists � secret society b/c they could not meet publicly

-          Giuseppe Mazzini � born in 1805, he was one of the most famous members of Carbonari and he greatly influenced Italian history. He devoted his entire life to bring unity to Italy. He spent time imprisoned and in exile for his part in the unsuccessful uprising against Sardinia in 1830.

-          1831 � Mazzini called for all Italian patriots to join the Young Italy movement � spread Risorgimento

-          Young Italy � �a brotherhood of Italians who believe in Progress and Duty.�

-          1848 � liberals and nationalists led rebellions in several Italian states � forced foreign rulers to grant constitutions to their subjects + overthrew Austrian rule in Lombardy and Venetia

-          1849 � revolutionaries seized Rome and set up a republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed. But Austria soon recaptured possessions in Italy + former rulers returned to power and revoked constitutions � most revolutions failed

-          the Italian people:

1.      Italian patriots didn�t give up + now they agreed the principle was a united Italy

2.      The Catholic clergy wanted a federation of Italian states headed by the pope

3.      Liberals wanted an Italian republic � they opposed federation partly b/c the papacy had turned against liberalism after 1849

4.      others wanted a constitutional monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, who sympathized with liberal aims

�      Cavour in Sardinia

�         Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

-          He was the chief prime minister (premier) in Sardinia and he actually governed the nation

-          He was born in 1810 and was well educated + widely traveled aristocrat

-          1847 � edited a nationalist newspaper

-          1848 � took part in the revolutions

-          1852 � became premier of Sardinia

-          he disliked absolutism and admired the British system of govt.

-          he wanted Italy to be united and industrialized under Sardinia�s leadership

-          his accomplishments:

1.      reorganized and strengthened the Sardinian army

2.      helped establish banks, factories, and railroads

3.      encouraged shipbuilding

4.      negotiated treaties with other countries to increase trade

5.      slogan: �a free church in a free state.� � he tried to reduce the political influence of the Roman Catholic Church

6.      expelled the politically powerful Jesuit order from the country

7.      brought Sardinia to prominence through its participation on the side of France and GB in the Crimean War and in the peace conference at Paris in 1856 that ended that war

�         Napoleon II and War with Austria

-          Austria was a great obstacle for Italian unity � Cavour proposed alliances with France and Sardinia

-          Napoleon III sought to increase French prestige but didn�t want to antagonize the pope and French Catholics � hoped to take over weak Italian states

-          Cavour believed that with Austria out Sardinia would join with Italy to form a strong alliance against France and Austria

-          1858 � Cavour and NIII met secretly to plan a war against Austria and France agreed that if Austria declared war on Sardinia France would send troops to assist the Sardinians.

-          Cavour promised French speaking regions that belonged to Sardinia to France

-          1859 � Cavour began his preparations for war

-          When Cavour rejected Austria�s attempt to interfere with affairs of Sardinia, Austria declared war

1.      at first, the war went according to Cavour�s plans � combined French-Sardinian forces drove Austria out

2.      Italian patriots overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed to Sardinia

3.      NIII did not want this to happen � didn�t want a strong, united Italy

�         Outcome of the war

-          July 1859 � 3 months after the beginning of the war NIII signed a secret armistice w/Austria

1.      Sardinia received Lombardy

2.      Austria kept Venetia

3.      Austria ruled cities that were annexed by Italian patriots (Tuscany, Modena, and Parma)

-          the armistice caused severe setbacks for Cavour and the Italian nationalists

-          NIII delivered only half of what he promised � the control of Lombardy to Sardinia � still insisted on getting control of Nice and Savoy

-          King Victor Emmanuel II afraid of losing partial victory � agreed to French terms

-          Italian people refused to give up their goals:

1.      rebellions in Parma, Modena, and Tuscany � expelled the Austrian rulers + set up popular temporary govt.

2.      the people of Romagna (province of Papal States) also revolted

3.      elections � voters voted for joining Sardinia

�      Garibaldi�s Red Shirts

�         Giuseppe Garibaldi

-          The southern half of the Italian Peninsula, together with the large island of Sicily made up the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. A harsh bourbon king ruled this kingdom � became the target of the Italian nationalists / revolts

-          Garibaldi was born in Nice in 1807. He joined Mazzini�s young Italy movement

-          1834 � Garibaldi fled to LA after being involved in a revolutionary plot

-          1848 � returned to Italy

-          1854 � after being forced to flee to the US he returned

�         Cavour and Garibaldi

-          Cavour financially assisted Garibaldi and his army of 1,100 soldiers

-          1860 � Garibaldi and the Red Shirts invaded Sicily � were welcomed

-          Garibaldi and co. seized Naples (capital) and drove Francis II and co. north to the border of the Papal States

-          G planned  to march north and capture Rome then Venetia

-          Cavour feared that Garibaldi would set up a republic so he sent an army to stop him

-          Sardinia annexed most of the territory of the Papal States

-          Fall 1860 � G + C in Naples � G agreed to abandon plan to conquer Italian peninsula

-          For Italian unification � C persuaded G to support establishment of the kingdom of Italy + Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia

�      Final Unification

�         1860 election held in Italy (except in Rome and Venetia)

-          the people voted overwhelmingly for national unity under the king of Sardinia

-          Feb. 1861 � reps. of states met in parliament in Turin (Sardinia capital) � confirmation of VEII as king of Italy

-          New kingdom = all of Italy except Venetia (Austria) + western part of Papal States around Rome (Pope)

-          Complete unification = Italy gained Venetia in the Seven Weeks� War of 1866

-          1870 � Franco-Prussian War caused Napoleon to recall troops from Rome

-          NIII�s recall of troops � Italians took opportunity to enter city and citizens of Rome voted for union w/Italy

-          Capital of kingdom of Italy � Rome

�         Napoleon III�s reaction

-          He was embarrassed

-          He had 2 choices either to recognize the new state of fight it

-          Did not want to make another war

-          but sent French troops to Rome to prevent Italian nationalists from seizing it

�         problems of a united Italy

-          few Italians had experience with self-govt.

-          scandals were frequent

-          regions remained divided by their own traditions and independence

-          tensions btwn. industrialized north and agricultural south

-          Mafia � secret society organized by local leaders in Sicily � became a state within a state / central govt. powerless to control them

-          Italy had the world�s third largest navy and the third largest merchant marine

-          Paid for military w/high taxes

-          1890s � the policy (taxes) sparked strikes, riots, and peasant uprisings (Sicily)

-          Italy engaged in expensive colonial ventures in Africa

-          Also in 1911 a war against the Ottoman Empire brought them little and cost a lot of money

-          Although unified, Italy had not achieved stability

�      Prussia as Leader

�         Prussia�s army

-          Napoleon I limited the Prussian army � prevention from becoming military threat

-          French occupation army in Prussia

-          Prussia found a way around NI�s restriction

1.      the Prussians drafted able-bodies men

2.      required them to serve short army terms

3.      received intensive military training

4.      then drafted into the reserves

5.      a new groups of men would then be drafted into the regular army

-          Prussian armies fought at Waterloo

-          Prussia earned the right to be a member of the Congress of Vienna

�         Napoleon�s impact on German states

-          Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire � Austria lost control over German states � German states were consolidated into the Confederation of Rhine

-          Stimulated nationalism in German states � began to appreciate their language, past, and traditions

-          German nationalism � Prussia > Austria

-          Population of Prussia was mostly German

-          1815 � Congress of Vienna turned Confed. of Rhine into the German Confed.

-          the CoV awarded Prussia important territory (areas along the lower Rhine River)

�      The Zollverein

�         Economy

-          Tariffs were imposed on most goods, even goods that traveled within Prussia

-          The tariffs increased the prices on goods

-          Junkers � began the drive for freer movement of goods � they were the aristocratic landowners of Prussia who wanted to sell their farm products

-          1818 � Junkers persuaded the king to abolish all tariffs

�         Zollverein

-          Prussia and Germany made treaties � customs union called Zollverein

-          1844 � it included almost all of the German states except Austria

-          benefited it members:

1.      made prices lower and more uniform

2.      led to the spread of industrialization in German states

3.      provided a wide, free market for German goods

4.      offered tariff protection against foreign competition

5.      adopted uniform systems of weights, measures, and currency

6.      manufacturers produced and sold more goods

7.      and business leaders became strong supporters of German unification

-          Zollverein had no immediate political effects

-          Each state of the German Confed. continued to act independently

-          Later paved the way for political unification

�         Attempts at unification

-          1848 � uprisings in France � demands for liberal reform

-          elections were held in attempt to unify Germany

-          liberal�s demands were eventually defeated

�      Bismarck and Prussian Strength

�         Otto von Bismarck

-          Was appointed by William I of Prussia in 1862

-          A conservative Junker politician and head pf the Prussian cabinet

-          Opposed democracy and the idea of a parliament

-          Prussian destiny was to lead the German people to unification

-          Willing to use trickery, bribery, or military force � to fulfill Prussian destiny

-          German policy � could not be carried by �speeches and majorities� but by iron and blood.�

-          He ruled Prussia � king fully cooperated

-          Necessity of reorganization and strengthening of the Prussian army

-          Parliament refused to higher taxes but Bismarck did it anyways

-          Liberals were angry � B planned to have many military victories

-          Proceeded to build army into a war machine

-          Bismarck has to overcome major obstacles:

1.      had to drive Austria out of leadership of German Confed.

2.      he had to overcome Austria�s influence over southern German states

3.      these objectives were accomplished in 3 wars � the Danish war, Seven Weeks War, and the Franco-Prussian War

�      Unification through war

�      Formation of the German Empire

�         The German Empire

-          January 18, 1871 � reps. of the allied German states met in the Hall of Mirrors of the palace of Versailles near Paris � issued proclamation of German Empire (GE)

-          GE � included all German states except Austria + Berlin � new capital of empire

-          King William I of Prussia � German emperor

-          Bismarck � chancellor, chief minister / known as �Iron Chancellor�

-          Bismarck accepted a constitution that united 25 German states in federal govt. form

-          German constitution strongly favored Prussian interests

-          Prussia had greatest number of delegates in the Bundesrat and Reichstag

�         Government

-          Each state had its own ruler

-          Local govt. � domestic matters (public health, education, police, tax)

-          Federal govt. � common matters (foreign affairs, national defense, commerce)

-          Kaiser � the emperor, headed the German govt., was not absolute monarch < power. He could appoint the chancellor and commanded military � declare wars, etc�

-          Legislative branch � Bundesrat (B), Reichstag (R)

-          Bundesrat

1.      upper house

2.      a federal council

3.      58 appointed members

4.      drew up all the bills for consideration by the Reichstag

5.      the B and Kaiser could act together to dismiss the R

-          Reichstag

1.      legislative assembly

2.      lower house

3.      400 elected members by universal manhood suffrage

4.      could veto the bills

5.      couldn�t pass any liberal democratic laws that B or Kaiser opposed

�      Opposition to Bismarck

�         political parties formed in opposition to Bismarck

-          some wanted the govt. to be more liberal and democratic � enact social reforms

-          others feared Bismarck�s military policy

-          reps. from southern states resented interference by the federal govt. � own govt.

-          relations with the Roman Catholic Church also presented problems for Bismarck

�         Kulturkampf

-          Bismarck saw the Catholic Church as a threat

-          1872 � Germany and the papacy broke diplomatic relations

-          then the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf was initiated

1.      German for �war of civilization�

2.      Germany passed strict laws to control Catholic clergy and Catholic schools

3.      the laws expelled the Jesuits

4.      stated that all the Catholic clergy had to be German educated Germans

5.      this religious policy stirred up opposition among the German people

-          the Catholics formed a political party to oppose Kulturkampf

-          many non-Catholics joined the opposition

-          1880 � Bismarck needed support from the Catholic party � reestablished diplomatic relations with the papacy and repealed laws

-          1887 � Kulturkampf ended

�      Industrial Development under Bismarck

�         Industrialization of Germany

-          Had rich supply of natural resources including great coal and iron deposits in the Ruhr valley � huge steel industry developed

-          Industrialization came later in Germany than in GB and France

-          The German govt. owned railroads � used them to promote industrialization

-          Canals � provided cheaper but slower transportation

-          Govt. helped industry

1.      standardized money and banking laws throughout the empire

2.      postal and telegraph services � the means of communication for businesses

3.      encouraged German industrialists to form cartels

4.      adopted high tariff policy � protect industries from foreign competition

�      Socialism in Germany

�         Results of industry

-          Cities grew rapidly

-          A class of factory workers appeared

-          German laborers � decent wages and better working conditions

-          Govt. needed to pass laws that would benefit workers + regulate industry

�         Socialists

-          1869 � German socialists formed the Social Democratic Party

-          1871 � elected 2 members to the Reichstag

-          1877 � now had 12 reps. in the Reichstag

-          still the Social Democrats did very little � couldn�t pass laws the B opposed

-          the R served as public forum � socialist members could express grievances and make promises of what they would do if they had power

�      Bismarck�s Anti-socialist campaign

�         Social Democrats (SD) scared Bismarck

-          1877 � SD won 500,000 votes

-          Bismarck used all of his power to fight the SD

-          1878 � Bismarck accused SD of attempting to assassinate the emperor twice � emperor and B dissolved the R and called for new elections

�         Anti-socialist campaign

-          New elections did not change strength of the SD

-          Bismarck made new laws � repressing socialists

1.      prohibited newspapers, books, or pamphlets

2.      no spreading socialist ideas

3.      banned public meetings of socialists

-          despite restriction socialists continued with their efforts

-          1884 � SD reps. increased to 24

-          �stealing the socialists� thunder� � Bismarck wanted to trick people by granting social reforms, said he wanted to pass laws to help workers so the SD would �sound their bird call in vain�

-          1883 � Bismarck put through several reforms

1.      insurance against sickness

2.      insurance against accidents   both paid for by employers

3.      limited working hours

4.      provided for certain holidays from work

5.      guaranteed pensions for disabled and retired workers

-          Germany adopted social reform � reforms did not wipe out socialism � eliminated workers� grievances

-          Many other nations copied this social legislation

�         1888 � grandson of Kaiser William I forces Bis. to step down

-          William I dies, Fredrick (son), died � William II new kaiser

-          William II followed Bis.�s ways after he was fired � focused on foreign policy, built up army, searched for new colonies, built up on Bis. foundation+ expanded beyond Germany�s borders+ developed stronger navy = rivaled GB navy

Textbook Pages 599 � 609

Chapter 23, Section 1, 2, 3

�      Need for new markets

�         New technologies

-          After 1870 � new tech. � easier to produce goods in large amounts

-          Large amount of goods sold = profit

-          In order to sell large amt. of goods industrialists went to non-industrilized regions (Asia, Africa, LA)

-          imperialist belief was that people in non-industrialized areas would restructure their culture in order to fit in with new markets

-          industrialized nations should control their markets abroad the way they controlled the colonial sources of raw materials

-          industrialists wanted govt. to guarantee them exclusive rights to sell in markets

-          there were also demands for protective tariffs to assure business at home

�      Nationalism

�         1870s � 1914

-          nationalists believed colonies added strength and prestige to country

-          imperialists also viewed colonies as a source of troops for rapidly growing armies

-          Gurkhas and Pathans of Nepal and Afghanistan + Australia + New Zealand � GB

-          Senegalese troops from West Africa � France

-          Large navy = important / to protect scattered colonies

-          Steamships burned coal and range = �from coal to coal� � coaling stations (refuel)

�         Outlet for population

-          Europe-there weren�t enough jobs to employ people � immigrated to US, LA, etc�

-          Nationalists wanted emigrants to settle in colonies � did not usually happen

�      Missionary motives

�         Christian missionaries

-          Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries � attempted to convert colonies

-          Missionaries � educated people of the colonies, trained medical missionaries left from Europe and US

1.      spread of medicine

2.      hygiene

3.      sanitation

Spread with Christianity

�         The �White Man�s Burden�

-          People of Western nations had a duty � transmit knowledge to �backward� people

-          Rudyard Kipling � �The White Man�s Burden� � obligation to�

-          imperialism≠� only burden of white man wanted was that of colonial wealth

�      Nature of Imperialism

�         Imperialism � rivalries

-          Led to large armies and world conflict

-          Loans to local rulers � initial wedges of imperialism

-          Colony � an area where a foreign nation gained control over the region and pop. � gained or conquered then annexed � part of empire

-          Protectorate � local ruler kept title but foreign officials controlled region � �protecting� power

-          Condominium � 2 nations ruled a region as partners

-          Concession � grant of economic rights and privileges � given to foreign merch.

-          Monopoly concession � held exclusively by one foreign power

-          Sphere of influence � a rgn. where 1 nation had exclusive econ. + poli. privileges

�      European claims in North Africa

�         The French in NA

-          Barbary pirates (BP) � Muslim seafarers, operated off the coast of NA � heavy toll on Med. Shipping / people of NA who converted to Islam � 4 Muslim states � Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli

-          BP gave France a reason to intervene in NA

-          1830 � after the Algerian ruler was rude � occupied Algeria, arrested ruler, settled

1.      for 40 years � continuous rebellions

2.      many French moved to Algeria � took over land, businesses

-          Seizure of Tunisia

1.      small country in east � capital Tunis grew near Carthage, rival of ancient Rome

2.      poor, undeveloped, belonged to the Ottoman Empire

3.      Turkish ruler � lived lavishly, borrowed money from Europe until refusal additional loans

4.      France lent Turkey money � raised taxes to pay France

5.      rebellion b/c taxes were too high

6.      1869 � commission of creditors was established to restore Tunisia�s finances

7.      GB, France and Italy � wanted Tunisia

8.      1878 � Congress of Berlin (CoB): France� Tunisia, GB� Cyprus, Italy� 0

9.      1881 � France declared Tunisia a protectorate � made improvements

10.  nationalism + pride inspired Tunisians to work for independence

-          Rivalry over Morocco

1.      strategic position of Morocco � along Strait of Gibraltar

2.      prize for imperialists � Morocco = very popular

3.      1911 � after bitter dispute over Morocco btwn. Fr.+Ger.� Fr. = Morocco, Ger. = WA territory, Spain = small northern strip of Morocco, international = Tangier

�         The British in Egypt

-          Egypt = part of Ottoman Empire (OE)

-          Mid-1800s � OE was crumbling, Turkish viceroy (khedive) � almost independent

-          1854 � French company led by Ferdinand de Lesseps built a canal through the Isthmus of Suez � Egyptian govt.  bought half the stock, Fr. citizens bought rest

-          Ismail Pasha � the khedive in 1869 � little concern for financial management

-          Foreign debt increased x20 � foreign banks refused to lend the Khedive money

-          Ismail � Sold stock of Suez Canal (SC) � opportunity for GB � trade route btwn. GB, India, Australia, and New Zealand

-          1875 � GB = largest stockholder / virtual control over the canal

-          1882 � Egyptian rebellion � GB fleet landed troops in Alexandria = occupied entire country

�         Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

-          Sudan � vast geographical rgn. of savannas, south of the Sahara, stretches from Atlantic to Nile River (NR) valley � inhabited by Arabs and local tribes

-          NR flows through Sudan � GB wanted to gain control, chance to build dams, etc�

-          1881 � Muhammad Ahmad (Mahdi, Islamic savior) organized a revolt in Sudan � captured Khartoum + established govt. ruled until 1898

-          1898 � GB ordered military force to move into Sudan � General Herbert Kitchener defeated Sudanese army at Omdurman

-          Fr. sent expedition from Fr. Congo under Major J. B. Marchand �made 2 year journey through 3,000 miles of rain forest

-          July 1898 � Marchand reached Fashoda on upper NR

-          Sept. 1898 � GB army reached Fashoda � neither govt. wanted war and they negotiated a settlement � Fashoda Incident

-          Fr. recognized GB as masters of Sudan in return for recog. Fr. WA possessions

-          GB + Egypt � condominium in Sudan � Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

-          GB politically dominated area

�         The Italians in Libya

-          Tripoli � a rgn. lying to the west of Egypt � belonged to OE � Italy was interested

-          Italy secured guarantees of neutrality from European countries

-          1911 � Italy declared war on the OE � Italy defeated the Turks

-          Italy took over Tripoli � renamed Libya � violently opposed Italian rule �drained Italian economy

�      European Nations � SubSaharan Africa

�         Competition for West Africa

-          WA � slave trade by Fr., Port., GB, and the Dutch

-          1800s � slave trade abolished � centers for trade of palm oil, hides and feathers, ivory, rubber, and other types of natural products � Europeans pushed inland

-          Fr. � moved inland and claimed Tombouctou + increase commercial settlements � Fr. Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Dahomey � claimed Fr. WA

-          Resistance to Fr. �

1.      Samari Tour� of Senegal revolted w/army after Fr. broke treaty � 7 years

2.      1894 � king of Dahomey resisted Fr.

-          GB competed with Fr. for WA � interested in Gold Coast (Ghana)

-          1901 � GB annexed all the territory of Ashanti + made Gold Coast a colony

-          GB expanded into Nigeria � control of Niger River assured control of resources

-          1861 � GB annexed the port city of Lagos � continued to push inland

-          Muslim + African forces <GB � Nigeria = protectorate

-          Early 1900s � Fr. GB, Germany, Spain, + Port. = WA colonies

-          1847 � Liberia became independent republic

�         Competition for Central Africa

-          Henry Stanley�s search for Dr. David Livingstone � public. development in Africa

-          Stanley went to King Leopold II of Belgium � wanted region that HS explored

-          King L.II acted as a private citizen � personal empire of 900,000sq.miles

-          King L.II�s rule of Congo � worst aspects of imperialism

1.      extracting wealth

2.      forming a corporation � sold concessions to speculators

3.      exploitation of natural rubber � international scandal � King L.II transferred ownership of Congo to Belgian govt. in 1908

-          1880 � Pierre de Brazza founded city of Brazzaville on lower Zaire River (Congo) � Fr. extended claims

-          Fr. Congo + Fr. WA = Fr. Equatorial Africa

�         Competition for East Africa

-          Port. strengthened control over Mozambique

-          North of Mozam. GB + Germany competed for territorial domination

-          Slave raids disrupted poli. relations among African ppl. + made penetration easier

-          EA � European colonies

-          1896 � Italians defeated at Adwa, Ethiopia � independent country

-          scholars � Italians in Eritrea or Russians in Sudan brought disease (rinderpest) � killed 80% of cattle � starvation � couldn�t resist European colonization

�         Competition for Southern Africa

-          1652 � European settlement of SA � Dutch used Cape Town as station for ships

-          Dutch settlement � Cape colony

-          During Nappy Wars � GB seized Cape Colony

-          Boers � descendants of original Dutch, language � Afrikaans

1.      formed 3 new colonies: Natal (se coast), the Orange Free State (west), the Transvaal (north)

2.      fought against Zulu (Bantu ppl.) + leader Shaka � large empire + army

3.      1879 � GB joined � defeated Zulu + destroyed empire

-          discovery of gold in Transvaal � + competition

-          1884 � Germany declared a protectorate over territory of SW Africa

-          Cecil Rhodes (CRs.) � GB speculator � associated with territory acquisition

1.      1870 � Rhodes arrived in Cape Colony � in 20 years controlled SA diamond production

2.      organized colonization of territory farther north � Rhodesia

3.      1890 � Rhodes sent adventurers to Rhodesia search for gold�little gold found

4.      1895 � colleague of CRs. � topple Transvaal govt. that restricted mining � attempt failed� GB�s support made relations btwn. Boers hostile

5.      1899 � war � GB defeated Doers + imposed settlements < mining

6.      GB allowed Boers to continue with old ways + provided funds

7.      1910 � federal constitution united Cape Colony, Natal, the Transvaal, + the Orange Free State = the Union of SA � GB controlled

8.      constitution � impossible for nonwhites to have rights

9.      SA War / Boer War � development of racial segregation

�      European Govt. in Africa

�         Direct Rule

-          Imperialist power controlled all levels of govt. + appointed officials

-          Paternalism � governing colonies paternally � Africans couldn�t rule themselves

-          Assimilation � Fr. practice � ppl. of colonies abandoned culture for Fr. ways

�         Indirect Rule

-          GB system � governor + council of advisors = colonial laws

-          GB empire covered � of earth�s land surface

�         Cost and benefits of Imperialism

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